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BDS4 Revision stuff > Facial development > Flashcards

Facial development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 life in utero phase

A

Embryonic 8wks

Foetal 8+wks

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2
Q

When does ossification of the face occur

A

7-8wks

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3
Q

What is very important in the development of the face

A

Neural crest cell migration

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4
Q

What in the neural plate

A

A thickened portion of ectoderm along the midline of the embryo

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5
Q

What happens in neural crest cell migration

A

On the neural plate formation of the neural groove which then leads to formation of the neural tube

Masses of cells detach from the lateral side of the neural plate and form the neural crest

During the folding of the neural plate, cells develop from the ectoderm along the edge of the groove, termed neural crest cells which undergo migration within embryo and differentiate into many cell types e.g. spinal ganglia, Schwann cells

This neural crest derived ectomesenchyme contributes to branchial arch cartilage, bone and connective tissue proper, as well as dental tissues - pulp,dentine, cementum and periodontal
ligament

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6
Q

When and how neural tube formed

A

3 weeks and by the migration of the neural folds which fuse and form it

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7
Q

What does the neural tube form into

A

Forms into brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What does failure of the neural folds fusing cause

A

Spina bifida

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9
Q

What does failure of the neural tube devlopment lead to

A

Anencephaly (cerbral hemispheres and cranial vault missing)

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10
Q

What happens at week 4

A

Neural crest cells form the fronto nasal process and laterally the pharyngeal arches

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11
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there

A

6

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12
Q

Talk about the 1st pharyngeal arch

A

Appears about the 28th day

2 parts

maxillary prominence- becomes future maxilla, zygomatic bone and part of temporal bone

Mandibular prominence- Becomes mandible and gives rise to MOM,mylohyoid,ant. belly diagastric

The assoc. artery is thet Maxillary artery and the assoc. nerve is the trigminal nerve

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13
Q

Talk about the 2nd pharyngeal arch

A

Approx 28th day

2 assoc. arteries- Stapedial and hyoid

Assoc. nerve is the Facial nerve and muscles are the facial expression,stylohyoid, post. belly of diagastric muscle

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14
Q

Talk about the 3rd pharyngeal arch

A

30th day and assoc. artery becomes common carotid and proximal portion of the interanl carotid artery

Gives rise to lower body and greater horn of hyoid

Assoc. nerve glossopharyngeal

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15
Q

Talk about the 4th 5th and 6th pharyngeal arch

A

4th= 32nd day and assoc. nerve superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

5th= spawns in and dissapears

6th=33rd day and assoc nerve recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

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16
Q

When does formation of face occur and what does most of it

A

first 8 weeks

Migrating neural crest cells
-Either in fronto nasal process or pharyngeal arches

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17
Q

What are defects of the face closely related to

A

defects of the ant. brain

18
Q

What may lead to cleft formation

A

Failure of fusion between the various facial processes or between the palatine
processes

19
Q

Why can cleft lip and
alveolus can occur independently of cleft palate

A

The upper lip and anterior part of the palate have different embryological origins
from the posterior palate and they fuse at different times

20
Q

What happens week 5-7

A

Fusion of facial process’s

21
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formation

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

22
Q

How does intramembranous bone formation occur and what bones

A

Bone is directly deposited inot primitive mesenchmyal tissue

Neural crest dervied mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts

OB’s become entrapped by osteiod and they secrete and transform to O-cytes

Trabecular bone and periosteum form

Corticol bone forms superficially to trabecular bone

Blood vessels form red marrow

Includes vaults of skull, maxilla and most of mandible

23
Q

How doe esndochondral bone formation occur and what bones

A

Bone precedded by a hylaine cartlidge model

several centres of ossification occur which then fuse

Forms base of skull

24
Q

When does base of skull ossification start

A

It starts as a series of cartlidges which undergo endochondral ossification from multiple centres, starting with the basi-occiput at 10-12 weeks

25
Q

When does vault of skull ossification start

A

Begins 3rd month in several centres

Fusion is incomplete at birth, leaving widenings known as fontanelles to allow flexibility in the
skull during birth

Anterior fontanelle closes at 2 years the posterior at about 1 year

Growth of the skull continues until 7

26
Q

What are the facial cartlidges

A

Nasal capsule and meckels

Though mandible&maxilla form intramem. they devlop next to these pre-exsisting cartlingous skeletons which support it

27
Q

WHat do nasal capsule and meckels help with

A

NC= primary skeleton in the upper face

M= preceeds the mandible

28
Q

How does the mandible develop

A

As several units all responding to different stimuli

29
Q

What are the different mandible units and how do they form

A

Condylar unit which forms the articulation and contains largest secondary
cartilage formation

Angular unit which forms in response to the lateral pterygoid and masseter muscles

Coronoid unit which responds to temporalis muscle development

Alveolar unit which forms only if teeth are developing

The body of the mandible forms in response to the inferior dental nerve

30
Q

What are the 3 sites of secondary cartlidge formation in the mandible

A

All 12-14wks I.U

Condylar- Growth until 20yrs

Coronoid- Dissapears long before birth

Symphyseal- Disaspears afer birth

31
Q

External enviroment influnces what in early stages of pregnancy

A

cranio-facial abnormalities

32
Q

What is a primary problem

A

Defect in the structure of a organ or part of an organ that can be traced back to an anomlt in development

33
Q

What is a secondary problem

A

Interuption in the normal development of organ traced back to other influences

34
Q

What is the defintion of:

Deformation
Agensia
Sequence
syndrome

A

Deformation- Anomly occur due to outer mechanical effects on exsisting structures

Agensia- Abscence of organ cause of failed devlopment during embryonic period

Sequence- Single factor results in numerous secondary effects (Pierre Robin)

Syndrome- Group of anomalies traced to a common origin

35
Q

What facial syndromes cause maxillary hypoplasia

A

Apert’s Syndrome* (acrosyndactyly)

Crouzon’s Syndrome* (craniofacial dysostosis)

Oral-Facial Digital Syndrome*

Binder’s Syndrome

Achondroplasia

Down’s Syndrome

Cleidocranial dysostosis*

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Cleft lip/palate*

*=Can be associated with clefts

36
Q

What facial syndromes can cause mandibular problems

A

Treacher Collin’s Syndrome* (mandibulofacial dysostosis)

Pierre-Robin*

Stickler’s Syndrome*

Van der Woude Syndrome*

Turner’s Syndrome

Hemifacial Microsomia*

37
Q

What syndromes can arrise in early development (1-8wks) and are they multifactorial or enviromental

A

Foetal alcohol- Enviromental

Hemifacia lmicrosomia- Multifactorial

Treacher collins- Multifactorial

Cleft lip/palate- Multifactorial

38
Q

What is asooc. with foetal alcohol syndrome and what causes it

A

High maternal alcohol intake in early development (17 days)

microcephaly (small head)

short palpebral fissures

short nose

long upper lip with deficient
philtrum

small midface

small mandible

39
Q

What is assoc. with hemifacial microsomia and when does it occur

A

Neural crest cell migration (day 19-28)

Unilateral mandibular hypolasia, zygomatic arch hypoplasia, high arched palate, malformed pinna

40
Q

What is treacher collins assoc. with and when does it hapen

A

Deformity of 1st and 2nd branchial arches, (day 19-28)

slant palpebral fissures, Hypoplastic or missing zygomatic arches, Hypoplastic mandible with antigonial notch

BDS4 Revision stuff (3 decks)

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