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Funk Anatomy - NS Exam 3 > Face, Scalp, and Parotid Gland > Flashcards

Face, Scalp, and Parotid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of SCALP

A 
Skin
CT, dense = contains vessels and nerves
Aponeurosis epicranius
Loose CT, which allows movement of the scalp
Pericranium (periosteum)
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2
Q

Cutaneous innervation of scalp (spinal and cranial nn.)

A

Spinal nerves = greater occipital (dorsal ramus C2), dorsal ramus C3, lesser occipital, and great auricular nn.

Cranial nerves = Auriculotemporal (V3), zygomaticotemporal (V2), supraorbital (V1), and suprtrochlear (V1) nn.

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3
Q

Arterial supply of scalp (external and internal carotid aa.)

A

External Carotid Artery = occipital, posterior auricular, and superficial temporal aa.

Internal Carotid Artery = supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.

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4
Q

Why do scalp wounds bleed profusely?

A

Scalp is highly vascularized in dense CT limiting vasoconstriciton

Due to high number of anastomoses there is no single place to compress to stop bleeding

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5
Q

Venous drainage of scalp

A

Emissary vv. and venae comitantes

Note: Emissary veins are valveless allowing infection to easily spread from the scalp the the intracranial fossa

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6
Q

How do ecchymosis occur?

Extravasation of blood under skin

A

Infections and bleeding can easily spread through the 4th layer (loose CT) of the scalp to the eyelid and dorsum of the nose

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7
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is face musculature derived from and which cranial nerve innervates it?

A

Second arch; CN VII (SVE)

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8
Q

Actions of Orbicularis Oculi (3 parts)

A

Orbital part - forcefully closes eye
Palpebral part - gently closes eye
Lacrimal part - assists with emptying lacrimal gland

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9
Q

Actions of Corrugator Supercilli

A

Draws eyebrowns down and in

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10
Q

Actions of Occipitofrontalis (2 parts)

A

Frontal - draws eyebrows upward
Occipital part - retracts scalp; and assist frontal belly with surprised look

Note: These muscle bellies are attached to one another by the epicranial aponeurosis

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11
Q

Acitons of orbicularis oris

A

Closes lips and mouth

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12
Q

Actions of buccinator

A

Maintains contact between cheek and gums so food doesn’t accumulate in the vestibule

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13
Q

Actions of levator labii superioris

A

elevates upper lip

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14
Q

Actions of levator anguli oris

A

elevates upper lip and widens mouth

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15
Q

Actions of zygomaticus major

A

Elevates upper lip; major smile muscle

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16
Q

Actions of zygomaticus minor muscle

A

Elevates upper lip

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17
Q

Actions of Risorius

A

Stretches lip laterally and widens smile

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18
Q

Actions of levator labii superioris alaque nasi

A

Elevates the upper lip and flares the nostrils

19
Q

Actions of depressor anguli oris

A

Depresses lower lip; frowns

20
Q

Actions of depressor labii inferioris

A

Depresses lower lip; frowns and pouts

21
Q

Actions of mentalis

A

protrudes lower lip

22
Q

Actions of procerus

A

wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose

23
Q

Actions of nasalis

A

flares nostrils

24
Q

What is the course of SVE fibers of CN VII

A

After entering the internal acoustic meatus SVE fibers travel laterally between the cochlea and semicircular canals and bends posteriorly and inferiorly to course along the posterior wall of the middle ear to the stylomastoid foramen

25
Q

Branches of SVE portion of CN VII

A

Posterior auricular n. (occipital belly of occipitofrontalis m.)
Digastric n.
Stylohyoid n.
Temporofacial trunk = temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches
Cervicofacial trunk = buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical branches

NOTE: Ten Zebras Beat My Camel

26
Q

Bells’ Paralysis (Cause, Manifestation)

A

Typically idiopathic, but associated with herpes, trauma, and otitis media

Asymmetry of face and drooping.
Drooping of lower eyelid causes drainage of tears and ulceration of eye.
Dribbling of saliva and accumulation of food within the vestibule.
Imparied speech.

27
Q

Cutaneous innervation of Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1; Embryologic structure, area, and branches)

A

Associated with the frontonasal eminence

Supplies forehead, upper eye lid, and nose

Supraorbital, supratrochlear, lacrimal, infratrochlear, and external nasal nn.

28
Q

Cutaneous innervation of Maxillary nerve (CN V2; Embryologic structure, area, and branches)

A

Associated with the maxillary prominence

Supplies temples, upper cheeks, lower eyelids, upper lip, and nasal alae

infraorbital, zygomaticfacial, and zygomaticotemporal nn.

29
Q

Cutaneous innervation of Mandibular nerve (CN V3; embryologic structure, area, and branches)

A

Associated with mandibular prominence

Supplies lower cheek, lower lip, and chin

Auricultemporal, buccal, and mental nn.

30
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Cause, Manifestation)

A

Believed to be caused by demyelination of the sensory roots of CN V.
Also possibly compression by the superior cerebellar artery.

Sudden, excruciating facial pain. Some people kill themselves

Note: V2>V3.V1 affected in this order

31
Q

Where are common nerve blocks? (3 cutaneous nerves)

A

Infraorbital nerve via superior oral vestibule
mental via the mental foramen
Buccal via vestibule just posterior to the 3rd mandibular molar

32
Q

Facial Artery (course and superficial branches)

A

Course = Travels through the substance of the submandibular gland after branching from the external carotid artery. Turns around mandible anterior to the masseter ascends in a tortuous path along the angle of the mouth and lateral to the nose to reach the medial angle of the eye

Branches = Inferior labial, superior labial, angular, and lateral nasal aa.

33
Q

Superficial temporal artery (superficial branches)

A

Transverse facial, frontal, and parietal aa.

34
Q

Maxillary Artery (superficial branches)

A

Infraorbital, buccal, and mental aa.

35
Q

Ophtalmic Artery (superficial branches)

A

Supraorbital, supratrochlear, lacrimal (lateral palpebral), medial palpebral, and dorsal nasal aa.

36
Q

Retromandibular Vein (formation and course)

A

Created by the merging of superficial temporal and maxillary vv. Courses through the parotid gland and splits into anterior and posterior divisions. Anterior division will merge with facial vein to form common facial v. Posterior division will merge with posterior auricular v. to form the external jugular v.

37
Q

Facial Vein (formation, course, and communications)

A

Begins at the medial corner of the eye as the angular vein and receives venae comitantes. Descends face to join the anterior division of the retromandibular v. forming the common facial v. Common facial drains to internal jugular v.

Communicates with the pterygoid plexus via deep facial vv. and cavernous sinus via ophtalmic vv.

Note: Communications turn the face into a danger zone for infections

38
Q

Lymphatic Drainage

A

Lymphatics of the face drain to the parotid, submandibular, and submental nodes. Eventually the deep cervical nodes.

39
Q

Parotid duct course

A

Crosses masseter to enter the buccinator. Empties into the oral cavity opposite the 2nd maxillary molar.

Note: infections may spread to the parotid gland via the duct

40
Q

Which structures must be isolated in parotidectomy?

A

SVE of CN VII
Retromadibular vein
External carotid artery

41
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland (course of pre- and post-ganglionic fibers; action on gland)

A

Pre-ganglionic cell bodies lie in the salivatory nucles. After CN IX exits the jugular foramen the tympanic branch traverses the tympanic canaliculus to enter the middle ear where it becomes the lesser petrosal n. This exits the hiatous for lesser petrosal to enter the middle cranial fossa and exit via the foramen ovale to synapse of post-ganglionic cell bodies at the otic ganglion.

Post-ganglionic fibers distribute via the auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)

Stimulates secretion

42
Q

Sympathetic innervation of parotid gland (course of pre- and poste-ganglionic fibers; actions on gland)

A

Pre-ganglionic cell bodies lie in segments T1-4 and travel through the sympathetic chain to synapse on post-ganglionic cell bodies in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.

Post-ganglionic fibers travel with the external carotid nerve to the parotid gland

Vasomotor

43
Q

Parotiditis (Pain refers where and why?)

A

Inflammation of the parotid gland causes stretching of the parotid fascia. This information is carried by the auriculotemporal nerve and may be referred to the auricle, TMJ, and external acoustic meatus.

44
Q

Consequences of sialolith?

A

Can sometimes enter parotid duct causing obstruction and pain

Funk Anatomy - NS Exam 3 (13 decks)

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