FA5

Question 1

How can hydraulic action effect formations of landscapes?

Answer 1

Faults and fissures are able to be seen in the face of the cliff. This process forces air into openings and weaknesses in the rocks causing them to become dislodged and removed.

Question 2

How can attrition effect the formation of landscapes

Answer 2

Small smoothed rocks in the bottom of the photo and at the base of the cliff. These rocks have been smoothed out by abrasion but are most likely contributing to the process of attrition. This. Is when small rocks collide with the cliff face carried by the power of waves

Question 3

How does abrasion effect the formation of landscapes

Answer 3

If the cliffs are shiny and smooth this must. Be because of abrasion. This is often called the sandpapering effect where rocks are smoothed out by other rocks when they are forced against each other due to other waves.

Question 4

What does biological weathering look like?

Answer 4

Small roots and plants emerging from the cliff face. “Barnacles and limpets drill into the rock face and leave little holes when they die”

Question 5

What does chemical weathering look like?

Answer 5

Lots of Small oval holes in the face of cliffs

Question 6

What does mechanical weathering look like?

Answer 6

Cracks in the cliff face, large ones which split the rocks in half and smaller ones running through the rock.

Question 7

What is corrosion (solution)?

Answer 7

Carbonate rocks (limestones) are vulnerable to solution by rainwater, spray from the sea and seawater. Mainly effects limestone which is vulnerable to solution by weak acids.

Question 8

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 8

Air trapped in cracks and fissures is compressed by the force of waves crashing against the cliff face. Pressures forces cracks open, meaning more air is trapped and greater force experienced in the next cycle of compression. Heavily jointed/fissured sedimentary rocks are vulnerable. In very hard igneous rocks (basalt, granite) hydraulic action in cooling cracks may be the only erosive process operating.

Question 9

What to talk about when you have get asked a question about marine processes

Answer 9

Hydraulic action
Attrition and abrasion
Corrasion
Solution
Cave>arch>stack>stump
Sedimentary cliffs mostly

Question 10

What to talk about when get asked a question about subaerial processes

Answer 10

Biological weathering animals and plants
Chemical weathering
Mechanical weathering
Cave>arch>stack>stump
Mass movement
All cliff types

Question 11

How is cliff retreat caused due to wave cut platforms?

Answer 11

Above wave-cut notch, an overhang of unsupported rock is formed. As this overhang is undercut, mass movement of the unsupported rock occurs and the cliff retreats. As the cliff retreats it leaves behind a flat or slightly sloping area of rock between the high and low tide levels.

Question 12

What is The pressure and release model?

Answer 12

The basis has 2 points:
Process generating vulnerability on one side
The natural hazard on the other
Risk=hazardx vulnerability

Question 13

What is land use zoning?

Answer 13

Involves local government planners regulating how land is used. It is effective in protecting people and property in areas in risk from tectonic hazards.
In areas of high risk from eruptions or tsunamis, settlements and facilities such as nuclear power stations may be banned.

Question 14

What is the degg model?

Answer 14

Hazard vs Vulnerability in a diagram disaster in the middle. LICS will have high vulnerability and lower hazards.

Question 15

What is the Swiss cheese model

Answer 15

Each slice of cheese is representing a defense structure mechanism or plan. Th wholes represent failures and shortcomings of those defenses

Question 16

What is the park model

Answer 16

A graph that shows what quality of life the country was on before, what it’s like during and after the event. And shows how it recovers.

Question 17

Differences between adaptation and mitigation

Answer 17

adaptation can be understood as the process of adjusting to the current and future effects of climate change. Mitigation means preventing or reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere to make the impacts of climate change less severe.

Question 18

What is globalisation?

Answer 18

Connections deepening, lengthening, and getting faster due to developments in technology. The process by which people, culture, finance, goods and information transfer between countries.

Question 19

What causes globalisation?

Answer 19

Containerisation is a process of shipping goods by standardised, intermodal containers from producers.
Technology for both communication and for transport have increased in the last 50 years.
The shrinking wolf theory shows how our heightened connectivity has reduced barriers to trade, travel and communication to make the world feel smaller.
A container ship can carry around 20,000 containers

Question 20

Who are the winners and losers of globalisation?

Answer 20

The global shift has created losers in western industrial cities such as Detroit, USA
Coca Cola and other TNCS. Have had both positive and negative impacts on communities in middle income.

Question 21

Whta is the global shift?

Answer 21

The global economy being pulled towards Asia since the 2000.
The 2000 to 2025 shift is the fastest in history.
Industrial Revolution (1829-1913)
The rise of the USA (1913-1960)

Question 22

What are the positives of the global shift?

Answer 22

Waged work, factories and offices offer formal and better pay
Education and training: money from selling goods or other services enables governments of emerging economies to invest in schools.
Poverty reduction : the number of people earning less than the UN minimum target

Question 23

What are the negatives of the global shit?

Answer 23

Loss of productive farmland: urban areas have grown rapidly outwards
Shanty towns: much of the outward growth of cities is unplanned informal housing built by poor people who have squatted on the land to build their own shelters.

Question 24

Who are globalisation winners?

Answer 24

Switched on
Receives FDi
Has a role in the WTO
Rapid urban growth
Actively westernised

Question 25

Who are globalisation losers?

Answer 25

Switched off
Suffers from poverty
Natural environment degradation
Pressure on resources
Suffers from 4DS and spiral of decline

Question 26

What is 60% of the eustatic change caused by?

Answer 26

Thermal expansion
The Pacific Ocean is said to have expanded by 30-55% in the last year threatening SIDS

Question 27

What is 40% of eustatic change caused by?

Answer 27

Ice sheet melting
The Greenland ice sheets loses 250 Billion metric tonnes of ice per year.

Question 28

Whta countries are likely to suffer most from eustatic change?

Answer 28

SIDS small island developing states.

Question 29

What are the positives of the Eden project?

Answer 29

Educated approximately 600,000 school children since opening.
Employed 650 people
environmentally friendly methods of access, free entry for those who cycle to the site.
Generated 2 billion for the local Cornish economy

Question 30

What are the negatives of the Eden project?

Answer 30

Demand for housing nearby the site has increased as it attracts jobs.
Job on site have low pay due to the seasonal influx of tourists
Traffic congestion nearby the site increases levels of air and noise pollution

Question 31

What are Challenges for rural areas?

Answer 31

Transport infrastructure- limited access to public transport
Rural services- rural residents have to wait 3x longer for an ambulance and rural crime is harder to manage
Declining population- rural uk population is declining on average 1.1% every year since 2017

Question 32

What are some Positives of the Newquay aero hub

Answer 32

Some knowledge based industries have been attracted through the aero hub
Tourism continues to thrive in the summer months
Close to Cornwall airport and Newquay town

Question 33

What are the positives and negatives of the Kielder forest?

Answer 33

250 square miles of forest created in the 1930s
Every winter 2.5 million trees are planted
Created a positive multiplier effect- attracted local businesses
border of Scotland
Tree loss due to construction and wildlife disturbed

Question 34

What are some positives and negatives of the Nottingham science park?

Answer 34

Only 5 miles away from the M1 and the site is connected to the tram system in the city centre
Helps to prevent brain drain- highly skilled and trained people are willing to stay in the area.
Bankruptcy of the city council may effect the longevity of the park due to the lack of funding

Question 35

What are the Positives and negatives of the Brontë country ?

Answer 35

Needs major regeneration due to the industrialisation which has caused agriculture as a whole to decline. People lost interest due to Covid which has prevented people from visiting- funding they have relied on has been cut off.
It increased the economy in the local area

Question 36

Positives nand negatives of the rebranding of Glasgow

Answer 36

European capital of culture
250 million on M74 extension project to allow for greater access into Glasgow city centre.
Drug capital even after regeneration
In Glasgow 44.4 deaths per 100,000 people

Question 37

Queen Elizabeth Olympic park 2012 positives and negatives

Answer 37

over 98% of the demolition materials from the old structures were recycled and used in the new development.
Economic inequality: The new houses’ rents will be unaffordable for Newham’s poorest households. The jobs created need highly skilled workers manny of the people in the precious areas of deprivation didn’t have the privilege of being highly trained.
employment of around 30,000 workers during its development phase

Question 38

Regeneration definition

Answer 38

the long-term upgrading of existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change.