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Question 1

muscle vs ligament

Answer 1

muscle: contract, relax, allow movement
ligament: taut, slacken, connect bone to bone

Question 2

photoreceptors

Answer 2

rods and cones

Question 3

outermost layer to innermost

Answer 3

sclera, choroid, retina

Question 4

blind spot and fovea no rods and cones

Answer 4

little to no part of retina at blind spot and fovea

Question 5

forming an image on retina

Answer 5

1. cornea and aqueous humour refract light rays on lens
2. lens further refract and converge light rays on retina
3. image formed is upside down, laterally inverted and smaller

Question 6

focusing

Answer 6

adjust lens so clear images of objects are formed on retina

Question 7

focusing on distant object (CRST)

Answer 7

1. ciliary muscles relax
2. suspensory ligament become taut
3. lens become thinner, less convex

Question 8

focusing on near objects (CCSS)

Answer 8

1. ciliary muscles contract
2. suspensory ligament slacken
3. lens become thicker, more convex

Question 9

binocular vision

Answer 9

usage of two eyes to perceive a 3d image of the surroundings

Question 10

(PUPIL REFLEX) iris control amt of light entering eye in BRIGHT LIGHT (CCRR)

Answer 10

1. Circular muscles contract
2. Radial muscles relax
3. Pupil constricts, less light enter eye

Question 11

(PUPIL REFLEX) iris control amt of light entering eye in DIM LIGHT (RCCR)

Answer 11

1. Radial muscles contract
2. Circular muscles relax
3. Pupil dilates, more light enter eye

Question 12

central nervous system

Answer 12

brain and spinal cord

Question 13

peripheral nervous system

Answer 13

cranial and spinal nerves, sense organs

Question 14

relay neurone function

Answer 14

relay impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones, contains many short nerve fibres

Question 15

synapse

Answer 15

junction between two neurones

Question 16

how do CNS and PNS work tgt

Answer 16

when there is a stimulus,
1. Receptors in sense organs are stimulated to produce nerve impulses
2. Nerve impulses transmitted to CNS
3. CNS send nerve impulses to effectors (either muscles or glands)

Question 17

reflex action

Answer 17

an immediate response to a specific stimulus without conscious control

Question 18

reflex arc (shortest pathway for nerve impulses to travel from receptor to effector in reflex action)

Answer 18

1. receptor
2. sensory neurone
3. relay neurone (CNS)
4. motor neurone
5. effector

Question 19

how does the body lose heat

Answer 19

1. from skin surface through convection, conduction and radiation
2. evaporation of sweat
3. faeces and urine
4. exhaled air

Question 20

how is body temperature regulated

Answer 20

• hypothalamus does it
  it receives info from thermoreceptors on skin surface (temp of external environment) and hypothalamus itself (temp of blood)

Question 21

body temp increase

Answer 21

1. thermoreceptors in skin/hypothalamus detect increase
2. vasodilation of arterioles near the skin surface
3. increased production of sweat
4. decreased metabolic rate
5. increased heat loss, reduced heat production
6. body temp decrease till normal.

Question 22

body temp decrease

Answer 22

1. thermoreceptors in skin/hypothalamus detect decrease
2. vasoconstriction of arterioles near the skin surface
3. decreased production of sweat
4. increased metabolic rate
5. shivering occurs (only in extreme cases)
6. decreased heat loss, increased heat production
7. body temp increase till normal.