FA Respy II Flashcards
What is the diffusion equation for a gas? What would happen to these variables in emphysema vs. pulmonary fibrosis?
V gas= A/T and Dk(P1-P2)
A=area, T= Thickness, Dk (P1-P2)=Difference in partial pressures
Emphysema- A is decreased
Pulmonary Fibrosis T is increased.
What are the types of lung cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma (Bronchial, Bronchial Alveolar), Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoid Tumor, Mesothelioma
Where is squamous cell carcinoma located? Characteristics? Histology?
Location- Centrally
Characteristics- Hilar mass arising from bronchus, cavitation, linked to smoking, parathyroid hormone related protein
Histolology- Keratin Pearls and Intracellular Bridges
Where is small cell carcinoma located? Characteristics? Histology?
Location: Centrally
Characteristics: Undifferentiated, very aggressive, often associated with ectopic production of ACTH or ADH, may lead to lambert-eaton syndrome (autoantibodies against calcium channels), Responsive to chemotherapy, inoperable.
Histology: Neoplasm of neuroendocrine Kulchitsky cells-> small dark blue cells
Where is large cell carcinoma located? Characteristics? Histology?
Location: Peripherally
Characteristics: Highly anaplastic undiifferentiated tumor, poor prognosis, less responsive to chemotherapy, removed surgically
Histology: pleomorphic giant cells with leukocyte fragments in cytoplasm
Carcinoid Tumor Characteristics?
Secretes serotonin, can cause carcinoid tumor (flushing, , diarrhea, wheezing, salivation). Fibrous deposits in right heart valves may lead to tricuspid insufficiency, pulmonary stenosis, and right heart failure)
Mesothelioma Location? Characteristics? Associated with? Histology
Location- Pleural
Characteristics- Malignancy of the pleura associated with abestos.Results in hemorrhagic pleural effusions and pleural thickening
Histology- Psammoma Bodies
What are the two types of Adenocarcinoma?
Bronchial and Bronchioalveolar
Where are Bronchial Adenocarcinoma Located? Characteristics? Histology
Peripheral, Develops in site of prior pulmonary inflammation or injury (most common lung cancer in nonsmokers and females)
Clara Cells-> Type II pneumocytes, multiple densities on x-ray of chest
Where are Bronchioalveolar Adenocarcinoma located? Characteristics? Histology
Peripherally, Not Linked to smoking, grows along airways, can present like pneumonia. Can result in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.
What happens to pH, PCO2, HCO3- in metabolic acidosis? What is the compensatory response seen?
pH decreases, PCO3 decreases, and HCO3- decreases (primary disturbance), ,
Hyperventilation
What happens to pH, PCO2, HCO3- in metabolic alkalosis? What is the compensatory response seen?
Increased Ph, Increased PCO2, Increased HCO3- (primary disturbance),
Hypoventilation
What happens to pH, PCO2, HCO3- in respiratory acidosis? What is the compensatory response seen?
Decreased pH, Increased PCO2 (primary disturbance), , Increased HCO3-
Increased renal HCO3- reabsorption
What happens to pH, PCO2, HCO3- in respiratory alkalosis? What is the compensatory response seen?
Decreased CO2 (primary disturbance), Decreased HCO3-, Increased pH,
Decreased Renal HCO3- reabsorption
What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation?
Ph= pka+ log [HCO3-]/ 0.03 PCO2
