FA 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
3
Q
The term anatomy, (tomy) ______, (ana) _____
A
Cut, apart
4
Q
Anatomy meaning __ ___ _____.
A
To cut apart
5
Q
Whenever we look
at our own body or study large body structures
such as the heart or bones.
A
Gross Anatomy
6
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Whenever we look
at our own body or study large body structures
such as the heart or bones.
7
Q
We are studying large, easily
observable structures.
A
Gross Anatomy
8
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Studying large, easily
observable structures.
9
Q
Is used whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures.
A
Gross Anatomy
10
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Is used whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures.
11
Q
Is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
A
Microscopic anatomy
12
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
Is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
13
Q
The cells
and tissues of the body can only be seen through
a microscope.
A
Microscopic anatomy
14
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
The cells
and tissues of the body can only be seen through
a microscope.
15
Q
Study of how the
body and its parts work or function.
A
Physiology
16
Q
Physiology
A
Study of how the
body and its parts work or function.
17
Q
The study of the structure and organization of living organisms
A
Anatomy
18
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structure and organization of living organisms
19
Q
Focuses on how these structures function and work together.
A
Physiology
20
Q
Physiology
A
Focuses on how these structures function and work together.
21
Q
The term Physiology, (physio) ________, (ology) _______
A
Nature, the study of
22
Q
Explains the workings of the
nervous system.
A
Neurophysiology
23
Q
Neurophysiology
A
Explains the workings of the
nervous system.
24
Q
Studies the function of the heart.
A
Cardiac physiology
25
Cardiac physiology
Studies the function of the heart.
26
Acts as a muscular pump to keep blood flowing throughout the body.
Heart
27
Heart
Acts as a muscular pump to keep blood flowing throughout the body.
28
What is your definition of anatomy and physiology, and how are they related?
Anatomy studies the structure, framework, and parts of the body, and how it related to one another. While Physiology studies how it works.
29
Pumps blood through
the body.
Heart
30
Heart
Pumps blood through
the body.
31
Exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body.
Lungs
32
Lungs
Exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body.
33
Name the six levels of structural organization/ structural ladder that make up the human body.
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organismal Level
34
How are the six levels of structural organization/ structural ladder of the body relate to one another.
In the chemical level, atoms combine to form molecules.
Wherein these molecules are made-up to create cells in Cellular level.
As we go on, these cells build-up to make tissues in tissue level
Collecting more and more tissues which forms an organ.
And with these different organs, creates different organ systems.
Where human organisms work together through different organ systems.
35
Circulate blood continuously
to carry nutrients and oxygen to all body cells.
Heart and blood vessels
36
Carry nutrients and oxygen to all body cells.
Heart and blood vessels
37
In what system does the heart and blood vessels belong.
Cardiovascular System
38
Name the organ systems of the body.
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
39
How many levels of structural organization/ structural ladder of the body are there
6 Six
40
How many organ systems are there in the body.
11 Eleven
41
The external covering of the body, or the skin.
Integumentary System
42
The external covering of the body.
Integumentary System
43
The external covering of the skin.
Integumentary System
44
Waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury.
Integumentary System
45
Protects the deeper tissues from injury.
Integumentary System
46
Excretes salts
and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.
Integumentary System
47
The external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails.
Integumentary System
48
With the help of sunlight, it produces vitamin D.
Integumentary System
49
Sensory receptors located in the ____ alert us to what is happening at the body surface
Skin
50
__________,____________, and ________ located in the skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface.
Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors
51
Consists of bones, cartilages,
ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
52
Supports the body and
provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
Skeletal System
53
Has a protective function
Skeletal System
53
Has a protective function (for example, the skull encloses and protects the brain).
Skeletal System
54
Formation of blood cells.
Hematopoiesis
55
In what system does Hematopoiesis belong?
Skeletal System
56
Takes place within the
cavities of the skeleton.
Hematopoiesis
57
The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals.
...?
58
The muscles of the body have only one function. ________ and ________.
To contract, or shorten.
59
The muscles of the body have only one function: to contract, or shorten. When this happens, movement occurs.
Muscular System
60
“Machines” of the body.
Muscular System
61
Viewed as the “machines” of the body.
Muscular System
62
Can be viewed as the “machines” of the body.
Muscular System
63
The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of _______ _______. The large, fleshy muscles attached to bones.
Skeletal muscles
64
The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of _______ _______.
Skeletal muscles
65
The large, fleshy muscles attached to bones.
Skeletal muscles
66
When these (skeletal muscles) _________, you are able to stand erect, walk,
leap, grasp, throw a ball, or smile.
Contract
67
The skeletal muscles form the muscular system. True of False.
True
68
How does the skeletal muscle form the muscular sytem?
They provide movement and stability to the body.
69
What are the three types of muscle in the muscular system.
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
70
Muscles found in the walls of internal organs, such as the digestive system and blood vessels, and they control involuntary movements.
Smooth Muscle
71
Found in the walls of internal organs, such as the digestive system and blood vessels, and they control involuntary movements.
Smooth Muscle
72
They control involuntary movements.
Smooth Muscle
73
Control involuntary movements.
Smooth Muscle
74
Controls involuntary movements.
Smooth Muscle
75
Muscle that are specific to the heart and are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
Cardiac Muscle
76
Are specific to the heart and are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
Cardiac Muscle
77
Specific to the heart and responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
Cardiac Muscle
78
Muscles that are responsible for the voluntary movements of the body
Skeletal Muscle
79
They are attached to the bones and work in pairs.
Skeletal Muscle
80
Are responsible for involuntary movements.
Smooth Muscle
81
These muscles work to move fluids.
Smooth Muscle
82
These muscles work to move fluids, such as blood or urine, or other substances, such as food, through the pathways within the body.
Smooth Muscle
83
Work to move fluids, such as blood or urine, or other substances, such as food, through the pathways within the body.
Smooth Muscle
84
Move fluids, such as blood or urine, or other substances, such as food, through the pathways within the body.
Smooth Muscle
85
Moves fluids, such as blood or urine, or other substances, such as food, through the pathways within the body.
Smooth Muscle
86
We (do or do not) not have direct control over the contractions of smooth muscles.
do not
87
We have direct control over the contractions of smooth muscles.
False
88
Move fluids (blood,
urine) or other substances (such as food) along
definite pathways within the body.
Smooth Muscle
89
We have no direct control over the contractions of smooth muscles.
True
90
The body’s fast-acting control system.
Nervous System
91
Body’s fast-acting control system.
Nervous System
92
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous System
93
Respond to irritants or stimuli coming from
outside the body (such as light, sound, or changes
in temperature) and from inside the body (such
as decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue).
Nervous System
94
The body must be
able to respond to irritants or stimuli coming from
outside the body (such as light, sound, or changes
in temperature) and from inside the body (such
as decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue).
Nervous System
95
The system wherein the body must be able to respond to irritants or stimuli coming from
outside the body (such as light, sound, or changes
in temperature) and from inside the body (such
as decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue).
Nervous System
96
What muscles move fluids and what are these fluids or other
Smooth Muscle, moves fluids like blood, urine, and other substances like food.
97
What factors affect the response of sensory receptors outside the body
Light, sound, and changes
in temperature
98
What factors affect the response of sensory receptors inside the body
decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue).
99
Electric Signals, also known as
Nerve Impulses
99
The sensory receptors detect these changes and
send messages (via ________ ________ called ______ _________.)
Electric Signals called Nerve Impulses
100
Electric Signals, also called as
Nerve Impulses
101
Nerve Impulses, also called as
Electric Signals
102
Nerve Impulses, also known as
Electric Signals
103
The sensory receptors detect these changes and send messages (via electrical signals called nerve
impulses) to the ________ __________ _________.
Central Nervous System
104
The sensory receptors detect these changes and
send messages to the ________ __________ _________.
Central Nervous System
105
The sensory receptors detect these changes and send messages (via ________ _________ called _______ ______) to the Central Nervous System.
Electric Signals called Nerve Impulses
106
System in brain and
spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
107
Is constantly informed about
what is going on.
Central Nervous System
108
Assesses the information
Central Nervous System
109
Assesses this information and responds by activating
the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands).
Central Nervous System
110
Responds by activating
the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands).
Central Nervous System
111
The appropriate body effectors (________ or ________)
muscles or glands
112
Like the nervous system, this
system controls body activities.
Endocrine System
113
Like the nervous system, this
system controls body activities, but acts much more slowly.
Endocrine System
114
Controls body activities, but acts slowly.
Endocrine System
115
The endocrine glands produce __________.
Hormones
116
Hormones
Are chemical molecules
117
The endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called__________.
Hormones
118
The endocrine glands produce hormones that are__________.
Chemical molecules
119
The endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and _______ them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
release
120
The Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the _______ to travel to relatively distant target organs.
blood
120
The ________ produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
Endocrine glands
121
The _____________ produce chemical molecules called _________ and release them into the ________to travel to relatively distant target organs.
Endocrine glands, hormones, blood
122
Include the pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas,
pineal, ovaries (in the female), and testes (in the male).
Endocrine glands
123
Consists of the adrenals, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, parathyroids, ovaries, testes, pineal, and thymus.
Endocrine glands
124
Not connected anatomically in the same way that parts of the other organ systems are.
Endocrine glands
125
What other organ systems and endocrine glands have in common is that ....
They all secrete hormones.
126
Hormones regulate what kind of structures
Hormones regulate various structures in the body, including organs, tissues, cells, and even specific processes. They can influence growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and many other bodily functions.
127
The body functions controlled by hormones are _________, involving every cell in
the body.
many and varied
128
They can control growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and many other bodily functions.
Hormones
129
Growth, reproduction, repair, and food use by cells are all controlled by _____
Hormones
130
Primary organs of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels.
131
Transporting fluid
Blood
132
Cardiovascular system, which consists of________
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
133
Cardiovascular system function
Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances throughout the body
134
Using ________ as
the transporting fluid, the ___________ system
carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges
are made.
blood, cardiovascular, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances
135
Using blood as
the __________________, the cardiovascular system carries ___________________________________________________ to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made.
transporting fluid, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances
136
Using blood as
the transporting fluid, the cardiovascular system ___________oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances ________ and ________ the tissue cells where exchanges are made.
carries, to and from
137
Using blood as
the _____________________, the cardiovascular system ___________oxygen, __________, hormones, and other substances to and from the _____________ where exchanges are made.
transporting fluid, carries, nutrients, tissue cells
138
White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help to __________ the body from such foreign
invaders as __________, __________, and _______
protect, bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells.
139
___________________ and __________in the blood help to protect the body from such foreign
invaders as bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells.
White blood cells and chemicals
140
The white blood cells and chemicals in the _________ work together to protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells
blood
141
The_____________________ and ___________in the blood work together to protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells.
white blood cells and chemicals
142
The
__________ acts as the blood pump, propelling blood
out of its chambers into the _____________ to be
transported to all body tissues.
heart, blood vessels
143
The
__________ acts as the blood pump, propelling blood
out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be
transported to all ____________.
body tissues.
144
The role of the lymphatic system complements
that of the ______________ system.
cardiovascular
145
The lymphatic system complements the cardiovascular system by ______________________________
helping to maintain fluid balance in the body.
146
The lymphatic system complements the cardiovascular system by helping to ________________________________
maintain fluid balance in the body.
147
Responsible for circulating blood and delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells
Cardiovascular System
148
Remove excess fluid, waste products, and toxins from the tissues.
Lymphatic System
149
By lymphatic system and cardiovascular system working together, they ensure the _____________________________________________
proper functioning of the body's circulatory and immune systems.
150
Helps maintain fluid balance and supports the immune system
Lymphatic System
151
Provides the lymphatic system with a pathway for the circulation of lymphatic fluid.
Cardiovascular System
152
The capillaries and vessels of the _____________ are connected to the cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
153
The ___________ and ___________of the lymphatic system are connected to the cardiovascular system
capillaries and vessels
154
"The role of the lymphatic system complements
that of the cardiovascular system." How
The capillaries and vessels of the lymphatic system are connected to the cardiovascular system, allowing the lymphatic fluid to eventually return to the bloodstream. Additionally, the pumping action of the heart in the cardiovascular system helps to promote the flow of lymphatic fluid through the lymphatic vessels.
155
Responsible for circulating blood and delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells,
Cardiovascular System
156
Helps maintain fluid balance, remove excess fluid and waste products from the tissues, and support the immune system.
Lymphatic System
157
The lymphatic system also plays a role in the cardiovascular system by ______________________. This helps maintain proper fluid levels and overall cardiovascular function.
returning filtered lymphatic fluid back to the bloodstream through the lymphatic vessels.
158
The lymphatic system also plays a role in the cardiovascular system by returning filtered lymphatic fluid back to the bloodstream through the lymphatic vessels. This helps maintain ___________________
proper fluid levels and overall cardiovascular function.
159
Its organs include
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid
organs such as the spleen and tonsils.
Lymphatic System
160
return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels so that blood can be kept continuously circulating through the body.
lymphatic
vessels
161
help to cleanse
the blood and house cells involved in immunity.
lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
162
keep
the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to
remove carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System
163
consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Respiratory System
164
Within the ________ are
tiny air sacs.
lungs
165
Within the lungs are
_____________.
tiny air sacs
166
Gases are transported ____ and _______ the
blood through the thin walls of these air sacs.
to and from
167
__________ are transported to and from the
blood through the thin walls of these air sacs.
Gases
168
Gases are transported to and from the
________ through the thin walls of these air sacs.
blood
169
Gases are transported to and from the
blood through the _______________ of these air sacs.
thin walls
170
Gases are transported to and from the
blood through the thin walls of these ____________
air sacs.
171
a tube running
through the body from mouth to anus.
Digestive System
172
include the oral cavity (mouth),
esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and
rectum plus a number of accessory organs (liver,
salivary glands, pancreas, and others).
Digestive System
173
break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.
Digestive System
174
The undigested food that remains in the tract leaves the body through the anus as __________.
feces
174
The undigested food that remains in the tract ________ the body through the anus as __________.
leaves, feces
175
The breakdown activities
that begin in the mouth are completed in the _________________.
small intestine
176
The breakdown activities
that begin in the mouth are completed in the small intestine. From that point on, the major function of
the digestive system is to __________________.
reclaim water
177
The liver is considered a digestive organ because the bile it produces helps to break down _________.
fats
178
fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Bile
179
It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.
Bile
180
The _____________, which delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine, also is functionally a digestive organ.
pancreas
181
The pancreas, which delivers _______________ to the small intestine, also is functionally a digestive organ.
digestive enzymes
182
The body produces wastes as________________ of its normal functions, and these wastes must be ____________ of. One type of waste contains nitrogen (examples are urea and uric acid), which results when the ____________ break down ___________ and ____________.)
by-products , disposed, body cells, proteins and nucleic acids
183
removes the
nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and
flushes them from the body in urine.
Urinary System
184
often called the excretory system,
Urinary System
185
Also called Urinary System
excretory system
186
Composed of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Urinary System or Excretory System
187
Other important functions of this system include maintaining the body’s _______ and ______________ and ________________________.
water and salt (electrolyte) balance, regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.
188
Exists primarily to pro-
duce offspring.
Reproductive System
189
The testes of the male produce _________.
sperm
190
The __________ of the male produce sperm.
testes
191
The testes of the ________ produce sperm.
male
192
Other male reproductive system structures are the ________________________________which carries sperm to the outside of the body.
scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the
duct system
193
The ovaries of the female produce
_____________
eggs, or ova
194
the female duct system consists of the _____________________
uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
195
The uterus provides the site for the ____________ of the fetus (immature infant) once __________ has occurred.
development, fertilization
196
The uterus provides the site for the development of the fetus (_____________) once fertilization has occurred.
immature infant
197
The________ provides the site for the development of the fetus (immature infant) once fertilization has occurred.
uterus
198
At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?
Organ level, chemical level
199
Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?
Respiratory System
200
List eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
* Maintaining Boundaries
* Movement
* Responsiveness
* Digestion
* Metabolism
* Excretion
* Reproduction
* Growth
200
List the five survival needs of the human body.
* Nutrients
* Oxygen
* Atmospheric pressure
* Normal body temperature
201
Maintain their boundaries,
Maintaining Boundaries
202
Move
Movement
203
Respond to environmental changes,
Responsiveness
204
Take in and digest nutrients
Digestion
204
Carry out metabolism
Metabolism
204
Dispose of wastes
Excretion
205
Reproduce themselves
Reproduction
205
Grow
Growth
206
Organ systems work in isolation
Organ systems do not work in isolation
207
They work together to promote the well-being of the entire body
Organ systems
207
Every living organism must be able to maintain its boundaries so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”
Maintaining Boundaries
208
Every cell of the human body is surrounded by an external membrane that contains its contents and allows needed substances in while generally preventing entry of potentially
damaging or unnecessary substances.
Maintaining Boundaries
209
The body as a whole is also enclosed by the integumentary system, or skin.
Maintaining Boundaries
209
The integumentary system protects internal organs from drying out (which would be fatal), from bacteria, and from the damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemical substances in the external environment.
Maintaining Boundaries
210
Includes all the activities promoted by
the muscular system,
Movement
210
Includes all the activities promoted by
the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another (by walking, swimming, and so forth) and manipulating the external environment with our fingers.
Movement
211
Also occurs when substances
such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems, respectively.
Movement
212
For example, if you cut your
hand on broken glass, you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus (the broken glass). You do not need to think about it—it just happens! Likewise, when the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, your breathing rate speeds up to blow off the excess carbon dioxide.
Responsiveness, or irritability
213
Is the ability to
sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them.
Responsiveness, or irritability
214
Process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.
Digestion
214
Because nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses, the nervous system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness. However, all body cells are irritable to some extent.
Responsiveness, or irritability
214
The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system.
Digestion
215
In a simple, one-celled organism such as an amoeba, the cell itself is the “digestion factory,” but in the complex, multicellular human body, the _______________performs this function for the entire body.
digestive system
216
amoeba
“digestion factory"
217
A broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Metabolism
217
“digestion factory"
amoeba
218
Includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.
Metabolism
219
Metabolism depends on the ______________ and _______________ to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the ____________________ to distribute these needed substances throughout the body. Metabolism is regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the _________________
digestive and respiratory systems, cardiovascular system, endocrine system.
220
____________ depends on the digestive and respiratory systems, to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body. Metabolism is regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system.
Metabolism
221
Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems, to make _____________and ___________available to the _________ and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body. Metabolism is regulated chiefly by ___________ secreted by the glands of the endocrine system.
nutrients and oxygen, blood, hormones, glands
222
Process of removing excreta or wastes, from the body.
Excretion
222
Several organ systems participate in excretion. For example, the
________________ rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces, and the ________________ disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine.
digestive system, urinary system
223
If the body is to continue to operate as we expect it to, it must get rid of the nonuseful substances produced during digestion and metabolism.
Excretion
224
The production of offspring
Reproduction
225
In cellular reproduction, the original cell __________, producing two ___________cells that may then be used for _________________ or ________
divides, identical daughter cells, body growth or repair.
226
Making a whole new person, is the task of the organs of the ____________
reproductive system
227
Produce sperm and eggs in what system
Reproductive System
227
When a sperm unites with
an egg, a ____________ forms, which then develops into a _________ within the mother’s body.
fertilized egg, baby
227
The function of the reproductive system is regulated very precisely by____________ of the ____________.
hormones, endocrine system
227
Increase in size, usually accomplished
by an increase in the number of cells.
228
For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at a __________ rate than _______________.
faster, cell-destroying ones
229
Hormones released by the ______________play a major role in directing growth.
endocrine system
230
___________ released by the endocrine system play a major role in directing growth.
Hormones
230
Survival Needs
* Nutrients
* Oxygen
* Atmospheric pressure
* Normal body temperature
230
In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete waste, what other functions
must an organism perform if it is to survive?
231
Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important? In which life function does oxygen participate
directly?
232
232
The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
233
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