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OCR Chemistry > F322 > Flashcards

F322 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but each successive member differing by CH2.

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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.

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3
Q

What is E/Z isomerism?

A

Stereoisomerism caused by restricted rotation about a carbon - carbon double bond, where each of those carbons has has two different groups attached to them.
Note: not functional groups.

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4
Q

What is cis/trans isomerism?

A

A special case of E/Z isomerism where there is a hydrogen atom and a non hydrogen group attached to each carbon in the double bond.

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5
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Fission of a covalent bond to form two radicals.

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6
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

Fission of a covalent bond to form a cation and anion.

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7
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor.

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8
Q

Name and show two methods of producing ethanol.

A

Fermentation of glucose. Glucose is converted to ethanol and CO2 by enzymes in yeast. This is an anaerobic process. Enzymes stop functioning when ethanol concentration > 15%.
C6H12O6 —–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Reaction of ethene with steam with a phosphoric acid catalyst (H3PO4).

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9
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donor.

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10
Q

State the mechanism and conditions for: an alkane to a halogenoalkane.

A

Mechanism: free radical substitution.

Conditions: UV light, halogen, room temperature and pressure.

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11
Q

State the mechanism and conditions for: an alkene to a halogenoalkane.

A

Mechanism: electrophilic addition.

Conditions: HX, room temperature and pressure.

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12
Q

State the mechanism and conditions for: halogenoalkane to an alcohol.

A

Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution.

Conditions: Heat with dilute aqueous alkali (nucleophile :OH).

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13
Q

What is the catalyst for addition polymerisation?

A

Ziegler-Natta catalyst.

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14
Q

State the type of reaction and conditions for: an alkene to an alcohol.

A

Type: Addition.

Conditions: steam, heated phosphoric acid catalyst, H3PO4, under pressure.

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15
Q

State the mechanism and conditions for: a halogenoalkane to an amine.

A

Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution.

Conditions: Heat under pressure with ethanolic ammonia.

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16
Q

What are the conditions to make an alkane from an alkene.

A

Hydrogen, 150 degrees and a nickel catalyst.

17
Q

Name 3 methods of carbon capture AND storage.

A
  1. Store in geological formations / partially filled oil wells.
  2. Store deep in the oceans.
  3. React with metal oxides to form metal carbonates.
18
Q

What is the mechanism and what are the reagents to convert ethene to bromoethane?

A

Mechanism: Electrophilic addition.

Reagent: hydrogen bromide.

19
Q

How is a halogenoalkane formed from an alcohol?

A

Mechanism: substitution.

Reagents: HX (made from concentrated H2SO4 and NaX).

20
Q

How is an alkene formed from an alcohol?

A

A dehydration reaction with a concentrated H2SO4 catalyst. Water and an alkene are formed.

21
Q

Define average bond enthalpy.

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous covalent bonds is broken.

22
Q

Why is it difficult to measure the enthalpy change of reaction from average bond enthalpy values?

A

The actual bond enthalpies may not be the same as the average bond enthalpies.

23
Q

Give 3 reasons why catalysts are used in industry.

A
  1. They enable reactions to produce less toxic waste products.
  2. They allow reactions to happen at lower temperatures - reduces energy costs and reduces CO2 emissions.
  3. They enable reactions to take place with a higher atom economy.
24
Q

Name disadvantages and advantages to using biofuels.

A
  • Biofuels are renewable, fossil fuels are finite.
  • Less land can be us d to grow crops.
  • Deforestation may occur to provide farming land.
  • Carbon neutral.
25
Q

Why do branched hydrocarbons have lower boiling points?

A

Branched isomers have less surface area of contact.

26
Q

How can waste polymers be processed?

A

Sort and recycle them or use them as organic feedstock.

OCR Chemistry (3 decks)

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