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A2 Biology - F214 > F214 - Communication > Flashcards

F214 - Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Signalling

Definition

A

The process by which cells communicate with each other

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2
Q

Cell Signalling

Examples

A

Neuronal and hormonal systems

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3
Q

Negative Feedback

Definition

A

A process that brings about a reversal of any change in conditions
It leads to homeostasis

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4
Q

Positive Feedback

Definition

A

A process that increases any change detected by receptors

Does not lead to homeostasis

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5
Q

Homeostasis

Definition

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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6
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Change in conditions detected by receptor
Impulse sent to the brain
Response impulse sent from the brain to an effector, either a muscle or a gland, to bring about a reversal in the change detected
The receptor detects any further change

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7
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms

Physiological Mechanisms

A 
Sweat glands in the skin
Lungs, mouth and nose
Hairs on skin
Arterioles leading to skin
Liver cells
Skeletal muscles
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8
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms

Behavioural Mechanisms - Too Cold

A

Putting on more clothes
Moving to a warmer place
Huddling to reduce surface area

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9
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms

Behavioural Mechanisms - Too Hot

A

Removing clothes
Moving to the shade
Opening windows
Water

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10
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Sweat Glands
Too Hot

A

Temperature receptors in the skin detect an increase in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends impulse to sweat glands
Sweat glands secrete more sweat
Heat energy is lost when sweat evaporates
Evaporative cooling

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11
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Sweat Glands
Too Cold

A

Temperature receptors in the skin detect a decrease in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to sweat glands
Less sweat is secreted
Less evaporative cooling

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12
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Skeletal Muscles
Too Cold

A

Temperature receptors in skin detect decrease in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends impulse to skeletal muscles
Muscles contract rapidly
Respiratory rate of muscles increases
More heat energy released because of the inefficiencies in respiration

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13
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Skeletal Muscles
Too Hot

A

Temperature receptors detect increase in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends impulse to skeletal muscles
Shivering stops

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14
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Liver Cells
Too Cold

A

Receptors detect a decrease in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to the liver cells
Metabolic rate of the liver increases
Rate of respiration increases
More heat released through inefficiencies in respiration

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15
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Liver Cells
Too Hot

A

Receptors detect a increase in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to the liver cells
Metabolic rate of the liver decreases
Rate of respiration decreases
Less heat released through inefficiencies in respiration

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16
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Arterioles
Too Cold

A

Vasoconstriction
Receptors detect decrease in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to the muscles in the walls of the arterioles leading to the skin
Muscles contract to restrict blood flow to the surface
Blood flows deeper under the skin so less heat is lost by radiation

17
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Arterioles
Too Hot

A

Vasodilation
Receptors detect increase in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to the muscles in the walls of the arterioles leading to the skin
Muscles relax to allow blood to flow to the surface
Blood flows closer to the surface of the skin so less heat is more by radiation

18
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Hair on Skin
Too Cold

A

Receptors detect decrease in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to hair erector muscles
Erector muscles contract to raise hairs
A layer of insulating air is trapped against the skin
Heat loss by radiation is reduced

19
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Hair on Skin
Too Hot

A

Receptors detect increase in temperature
Impulse sent to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus sends an impulse to hair erector muscles
Erector muscles relax and hairs lie flat
Reduced insulation
Increased capacity for heat loss by radiation

20
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Lungs Mouth Nose
Too Hot

A

Heat is lost by panting
Water evaporates from lungs and tongue which requires heat energy
Causes loss of salts
Also brings cold blood from the nose over the brain

21
Q

Maintaining Body Temperature in Endotherms
Physiological Mechanisms - Lungs Mouth Nose
Too Cold

A

No panting
Less evaporation
Less heat loss

22
Q

Endotherms

A

Maintain body temperature internally
Ability to exploit niches
Large energy requirement, food

23
Q

Ectotherms

A

Rely on their external environment to maintain their internal temperature
Not thermal insulation
Slower metabolic rate than ectotherms

24
Q

Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms

A

In multicellular organisms cells can be differentiated and specialised to perform specific functions
Cells that need to work together may be a long way from each other in different parts of the body
They need to be able to communicate to carry out a response to stimulus

A2 Biology - F214 (6 decks)

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