Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A2 Biology > F214 > Flashcards

F214 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two states of energy?

A
  • Kinetic energy (energy of motion)

- Potential energy (stored energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is energy?

A
  • The ability to do work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • All reactions that take place within an organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anabolism?

A
  • Build up of larger, more complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is catabolism?

A
  • Breakdown of complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones

- Release of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Work is:

A
  • Synthesis of complex substances
  • Active transport e.g. Sodium-potassium pump
  • Movement
  • Bioluminescence
  • Maintenance of body temperature
  • Production of electricity
  • Maintenance, repair and division
  • Activation of chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A
  • Adenosine:
    • Adenine
    • Ribose Sugar
  • Three phosphate groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A
  • ATP is hydrolysed energy and is immediately available in small amounts
  • Universal energy currency
  • ATP is continually being hydrolysed and resynthesised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is oxidation?

A
  • Loss of electrons

- Loss of hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by reduction?

A
  • Gain of electrons

- Gain hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of Coenzyme A?

A
  • To carry ethanoate (acetate) groups made in the link reaction, onto the Krebs cycle
  • To carry acetate groups made from fatty acids or amino acids onto the Krebs cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the Mitochondria specialised for its function?

A 
Matrix:
- Contains NAD
- Oxaloacetate for Krebs Cycle 
- Enzymes that catalyse reactions
Inner Membrane:
- Folded into Cristae (increasing surface area)
- Impermeable to most small ions 
- ATP synthase embedded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Link reaction process

A

Pyruvate ->(Loses 2H + CO2 - Dehydrogenated + Decarboxylation) Acetyl CoA -> Acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Krebs cycle process

A

Acetate -> Citrate(6C)(Loses 2NADH + CO2) 5C compound -> (Loses 2NADH + CO2) -> 4C compound -> (Loses ATP) -> 4C compound -> (Loses FADH) -> 4C compound -> (Loses NAD) -> Oxaloacetate (Reacts with acetate and cycle continues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A
  • 2CO2
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 Acetyl CoA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

A
  • 4 ATP (net profit of 2 ATP)
  • 2 ADP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 Pyruvate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the primary pigment reaction centre?

A
  • Chlorophyll A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 examples of accessory pigments:

A
  • Carotene (Carotenoids)

- Xanothophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cyclic photophosphorylation?

A
  • Light strikes PSI
  • This causes electrons to be released
  • Electrons go to an electron carrier
  • Energy from electrons can be used to pump H+ ions through
  • This creates small amounts of ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of metabolic waste from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are kuppfer cells?

A

Break down toxins and old red blood cells

- Make bilirubin

23
Q

What is a stimulus?

A
  • A change in the environment that causes a response
24
Q

What is homeostasis?

A
  • The maintenance of the internal environment, despite external changes
25
What is positive and negative feedback?
- Positive feedback increases any change away from normal | - Negative feedback reverses any change back to normal (essential for homeostasis)
26
What is a sensory neurone?
- A transducer: they convert another type of energy into electrical energy
27
How does an action potential begin?
- Voltage-gated calcium channels open - Ca2+ ions diffuses into synaptic knob - Synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane - Acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft - Acetylcholine bonds to sodium channel receptors on Postsynaptic knob - Na+ ions diffuse into postsynaptic membrane - Acetylcholinesterase stops action potential
28
What is summation?
- Combination of action potentials
29
How does an action potential begin?
- Voltage-gated calcium channels open - Ca2+ ions diffuses into synaptic knob - Synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane - Acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft - Acetylcholine bonds to sodium channel receptors on Postsynaptic knob - Na+ ions diffuse into postsynaptic membrane - Acetylcholinesterase stops action potential
30
What is summation?
- Combination of action potentials
31
What is the structure of a motor neurone?
- A cell body at the end with a large nucleus and lots of rough ER and golds bodies - Many short dendrites that carry impulses to the cell body - A long axon which carries an impulse from cell body to effector
32
What is the structure of a sensory neurone?
- Long processes on either side of the cell body - A dendron carrying nerve impulses from a receptor to the cell body - An axon carrying an impulse from the cell body to the central nervous system (CNS)
33
What does Glucagon do?
- Stored glycogen is turned into glucose (Glucogenolysis) - More fatty acids are respired - Amino acids and lipids are converted into glucose (Gluconeogensis) - glucagon also inhibits insulin secretion
34
What does insulin do?
- More glucose channels are added into target cells (hepatocytes), this means more glucose is entering the cell - Glucose turns into glycogen (Glycogenesis) - Glucose converted into lipids - More glucose is used in respiration
35
What is excretion?
Removal of unwanted waste products of metabolism
36
What is metabolic waste?
Waste substances produced in excess by reactions inside cells
37
What is deamination?
Removal of amine group from amino acid | - Produces ammonia
38
Why does Carbon dioxide need to be removed?
- Reduces oxygen being transported | - Lowers haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
39
The kidney:
- Gets blood from renal artery - Blood taken away by renal vein - Made up of 4 parts; proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of henle and collecting duct
40
What is the nephron?
Tubules associated with blood capillaries starting at cortex
41
Ultrafiltration:
- Blood flows into glomerulus from afferent arteriole - Leaves via efferent arteriole - Difference in diameters causes blood to move at high pressure
42
What is the three layer membrane in ultrafiltration?
* Endothelium of capillary: Narrow gaps between cells; blood plasma & dissolved substances can pass through * Basement membrane: Fine mesh collagen fibres & glycoproteins act as a filter, prevents molecules with a relative molecular mass greater than 69k * Podocytes: Finger-like projections
43
What is selective reabsorption?
• As fluid moves along the nephron, substances removed from fluid & reabsorbed into blood - Most occurs in PCT: all water/glucose reabsorbed - Microvilli present: increases surface area for reabsorption - Mitochondria indicates active process (ATP present)
44
What is Osmoregulation?
• The control of water and salt levels in body | - Correct water balance between cells & surrounding fluid maintained prevent problems during osmosis
45
How do we control the levels of salt and water in the body?
* Water gain: Food, drink + metabolism | * Water loss: Urine, sweat, water vapour in exhaled air + faeces
46
Alternating permeability in Osmoregulation:
* More ADH (antidiurectic hormone) = More aquaporins = More water reabsorbed into blood = Less urine * Less ADH = Less aquaporins = walls less permeable = Less water reabsorbed = more water is excreted as urine
47
ADH concentration in blood:
* Water potential in blood monitored by osmoreceptor in hypothalamus * When water potential is low: cells lose water + shrink, stimulating neurosecretory cells * Neurosecretory cells release ADH made in body + flows down axon to posterior pituitary gland, where stored until required
48
What is kidney failure?
* When a kidney can no longer remove excess water/waste products * Body cannot regulate water + salt levels = Death
49
Common causes of kidney failure:
- Diabetes Mellitus - Hypertension - Infection
50
How can kidney failure be treated?
- Dialysis
51
How does dialysis work?
- Removes waste fluid + salt by passing over dialysis membrane - Partially permeable allows exchange substances between blood and dialysis fluid - Fluid (Has the correct concentration) - Excess substances will diffuse across membrane into dialysis fluid
52
2 types of dialysis:
- Haemodialysis | - Peritoneal dialysis
53
What is Haemodialysis?
* Blood from vein passed into machine * Herapin added avoid clotting * Bubbles removed before blood returns to body * Performed at clinic 3 times a week (for several hours)
54
What is peritoneal dialysis?
* Surgeon implants permanent tube in abdomen + dialysis solution added * Used solution drained after several hours * Daily sessions performed * Patient can walk around freely

A2 Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions