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Biology > F211-Cell Structure > Flashcards

F211-Cell Structure Flashcards

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0
Q

Define Organelle

A

Any of a number of organised or specialise structures within a living cell

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1
Q

Define Eukaryotic

A

Cells that have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

State the function of the Nucleus

A

It contains genetic material and controls cell activities

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3
Q

State the function of the Nucleolus

A

It is the site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus

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4
Q

State the function of the nuclear envelope

A

It allows communication through the nucleus and cytoplasm and also allows molecules to enter or leave the nucleus

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5
Q

State the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

It transports proteins that have been synthesised by ribosomes

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6
Q

State the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

It synthesises and transports lipids and steroids

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7
Q

State the function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

It forms part of the cellular transport pathway. Also, it chemically modifies proteins and forms lysosomes.

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8
Q

State the function of the ribosomes

A

It is the site of proteins synthesis- uses coded information from the nucleus to assemble proteins from amino acids

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9
Q

State the function of mitochondria

A

This is the site of aerobic respiration (ATPsynthase)

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10
Q

State the function of lysosomes

A

Destroys worn out organelles and bacteria - contains hydrolytic enzymes

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11
Q

State the function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll and pigments. Has a large surface area to trap light energy

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12
Q

State the function of centrioles

A

During cell division, they move to opposite poles where they synthesise the microtubules of the spindle

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13
Q

State the function of Flagella

A

Movement is made by the microtubules sliding past one another. It cause the cell to propel through liquid.

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14
Q

State the function of the Cilia

A

Wafting of the cilia is used to move fluid over the surface of the cell

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15
Q

State the function of the cell wall

A

The structure of fibres gives cell shape, strength and support.
Prevents bursting from water & is fully permeable.

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16
Q

State the function of the Vacuole

A

Maintains cell stability.

A storage site for chemicals such as glucose. Provides turgid support

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17
Q

What is the different between the Flagella and the Cilia?

A

Flagella- few and long in length. In eukaryotes they are called unduly podia.

Cilia- many and short in length (less than 10um). Move in a wafting motion.

They both use the energy from ATP to move

18
Q

What is the structure of cilia and flagella?

A

Both contain microtubules. 9 pairs of these are arranged in a circle. 2 form a central bundle.
This is called the 9+2 arrangement.

19
Q

Suggest the functions of ciliated epithelium in a)the bronchioles
And b) the oviducts

A

a) cilia sweep the mucus secreted by the goblet cells towards the throat
b) cilia sweeps the egg along the oviduct towards the uterus

20
Q

What is the plural of thylakoids in the chloroplast?

A

Grana/granum

21
Q

What is the fluid in a chloroplast called?

A

Stroma

22
Q

What are the similarities of mitochondria and chloroplast?

A
  • double membranes
  • contain DNA and Ribosomes(to make or synthesise proteins)
  • ATPsynthase for ATPsynthesis
  • can self replicate(the only two!)
23
Q

What are the differences between the fluid in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

-M has matrix containing enzymes use in reparation whereas X has Stroma containing enzymes used in photosynthesis.

24
Q

What is the difference in the membranes in Mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

M has a folded inner membrane into cristae to increase the surface area wherease C has no folder inner membrane.

25
Q

What is the different in location in mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

There are many M’s present in the muscle/liver cells whereas there are many C’s present in photosynthesising cells (palasad mesophyll)

26
Q

What carbohydrates do chloroplasts have?

A

Starch grains are present as a carbohydrate store

27
Q

Define Division of Labour

A

Any system where different parts of specialised functions, each contributing to the functioning of the whole (protein production& secretion)

28
Q

Explain the steps of Protein Synthesis

A

~ribosome are synthesised in the nucleus.
~mRNA copy of the gene for a protein is made in the nucleus and leaves via a nuclear pore. It then bends to a ribosome & synthesises on the protein on RER.
~ proteins are packaged into vesicles.
~vesicles are transported to the Golgi.
~the Golgi chemically modifies the protein and packs them into vesicles.
~new products like glycoproteins/enzymes are packaged into vesicles.
~vesicles carry the products to the plasma membrane.
~vesicle fuses with the membrane (EXOCYTOSIS)

29
Q

Define Prokaryotic

A

An organism having cells without a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles

30
Q

Define Cytoskeleton

A

The network of protein fibres and microtubules found within the cell that gives structure to the cell & is responsible for the movement of many materials within it

31
Q

Outline the roles of the cytoskeleton

A

~it provides strength, stability & support to the cell.
~determines the shape&moves the membrane for endo/exocytosis.
~the movement of organelles-RNA, protein, chromosomes & chromatids.
~the movement of flagella for cell movement. As well as the movement of cilia to mucus containing bacteria..
~ attachment if organelles in place.

32
Q

State the function of Nucleoid DNA/main DNA on a prokaryotic cell..

A
  • contains essential generic info that can be transmitted to the next gene.
  • controls call activities.
33
Q

State the function of the plasmid in a prokaryotic cell..

A
  • contains beneficial genetic info(codes for proteins that confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria)
  • can be copied and passed on to other bacterial cells regardless if strain.
34
Q

State the function of Mesosome in prokaryotic cells..

A
  • aerobic respiration.

- production of ATP release energy.

35
Q

State the function of the slime capsule on prokaryotic cells..

A
  • protection from dehydration.

- contains hydrolytic enzymes for protection from engulfment from WBC’s.

36
Q

State the DNA organisation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes..

A

Prokaryotes- none- it is just in the cytoplasm naked.

Eukaryotes- yes-it is associated with a Histone (chromatin)

37
Q

What shape DNA is prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes = Circular DNA

Eukaryotes = Linear DNA

38
Q

What size ribosomes does the prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

A

Prokaryotes = smaller - 70s/18nm

Eukaryotes = larger - 80s/22nm

39
Q

What cell wall does a prokaryote and eukaryotes have?

A

Prokaryote = peptidoglycan/murein

Eukaryote = cellulose cell wall in plants- non in animals

40
Q

What is the average diameter of a prokaryote and a Eukaryote?

A

Prokaryote = 0.5-5um

Eukaryote = 20-40um

41
Q

What is the method of motility of a prokaryote and a Eukaryote

A

Prokaryote = flagellum

Eukaryote = undulipodium, non in plant cells

42
Q

Do animal cells have a vacuole?

A

No but plant cells do

43
Q

Do animal cells have centrioles?

A

Yes but plant do not

Biology (27 decks)

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