F211-Cell Structure Flashcards by Al Howell

Define Organelle

Any of a number of organised or specialise structures within a living cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Eukaryotic

Cells that have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the Nucleus

It contains genetic material and controls cell activities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the Nucleolus

It is the site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the nuclear envelope

It allows communication through the nucleus and cytoplasm and also allows molecules to enter or leave the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

It transports proteins that have been synthesised by ribosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

It synthesises and transports lipids and steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the Golgi Apparatus

It forms part of the cellular transport pathway. Also, it chemically modifies proteins and forms lysosomes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the ribosomes

It is the site of proteins synthesis- uses coded information from the nucleus to assemble proteins from amino acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of mitochondria

This is the site of aerobic respiration (ATPsynthase)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of lysosomes

Destroys worn out organelles and bacteria - contains hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll and pigments. Has a large surface area to trap light energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of centrioles

During cell division, they move to opposite poles where they synthesise the microtubules of the spindle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of Flagella

Movement is made by the microtubules sliding past one another. It cause the cell to propel through liquid.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the Cilia

Wafting of the cilia is used to move fluid over the surface of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the cell wall

The structure of fibres gives cell shape, strength and support.
Prevents bursting from water & is fully permeable.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

State the function of the Vacuole

Maintains cell stability.

A storage site for chemicals such as glucose. Provides turgid support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the different between the Flagella and the Cilia?

Flagella- few and long in length. In eukaryotes they are called unduly podia.

Cilia- many and short in length (less than 10um). Move in a wafting motion.

They both use the energy from ATP to move

What is the structure of cilia and flagella?

Both contain microtubules. 9 pairs of these are arranged in a circle. 2 form a central bundle.
This is called the 9+2 arrangement.

Suggest the functions of ciliated epithelium in a)the bronchioles
And b) the oviducts

a) cilia sweep the mucus secreted by the goblet cells towards the throat
b) cilia sweeps the egg along the oviduct towards the uterus

What is the plural of thylakoids in the chloroplast?

Grana/granum

What is the fluid in a chloroplast called?

Stroma

What are the similarities of mitochondria and chloroplast?

double membranes
contain DNA and Ribosomes(to make or synthesise proteins)
ATPsynthase for ATPsynthesis
can self replicate(the only two!)

What are the differences between the fluid in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

-M has matrix containing enzymes use in reparation whereas X has Stroma containing enzymes used in photosynthesis.

What is the difference in the membranes in Mitochondria and chloroplast?

M has a folded inner membrane into cristae to increase the surface area wherease C has no folder inner membrane.

What is the different in location in mitochondria and chloroplast?

There are many M's present in the muscle/liver cells whereas there are many C's present in photosynthesising cells (palasad mesophyll)

What carbohydrates do chloroplasts have?

Starch grains are present as a carbohydrate store

Define Division of Labour

Any system where different parts of specialised functions, each contributing to the functioning of the whole (protein production& secretion)

Explain the steps of Protein Synthesis

~ribosome are synthesised in the nucleus. ~mRNA copy of the gene for a protein is made in the nucleus and leaves via a nuclear pore. It then bends to a ribosome & synthesises on the protein on RER. ~ proteins are packaged into vesicles. ~vesicles are transported to the Golgi. ~the Golgi chemically modifies the protein and packs them into vesicles. ~new products like glycoproteins/enzymes are packaged into vesicles. ~vesicles carry the products to the plasma membrane. ~vesicle fuses with the membrane (EXOCYTOSIS)

Define Prokaryotic

An organism having cells without a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Define Cytoskeleton

The network of protein fibres and microtubules found within the cell that gives structure to the cell & is responsible for the movement of many materials within it

Outline the roles of the cytoskeleton

~it provides strength, stability & support to the cell. ~determines the shape&moves the membrane for endo/exocytosis. ~the movement of organelles-RNA, protein, chromosomes & chromatids. ~the movement of flagella for cell movement. As well as the movement of cilia to mucus containing bacteria.. ~ attachment if organelles in place.

State the function of Nucleoid DNA/main DNA on a prokaryotic cell..

- contains essential generic info that can be transmitted to the next gene. - controls call activities.

State the function of the plasmid in a prokaryotic cell..

- contains beneficial genetic info(codes for proteins that confer antibiotic resistance on bacteria) - can be copied and passed on to other bacterial cells regardless if strain.

State the function of Mesosome in prokaryotic cells..

- aerobic respiration. | - production of ATP release energy.

State the function of the slime capsule on prokaryotic cells..

- protection from dehydration. | - contains hydrolytic enzymes for protection from engulfment from WBC's.

State the DNA organisation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes..

Prokaryotes- none- it is just in the cytoplasm naked. Eukaryotes- yes-it is associated with a Histone (chromatin)

What shape DNA is prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes = Circular DNA Eukaryotes = Linear DNA

What size ribosomes does the prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

Prokaryotes = smaller - 70s/18nm Eukaryotes = larger - 80s/22nm

What cell wall does a prokaryote and eukaryotes have?

Prokaryote = peptidoglycan/murein Eukaryote = cellulose cell wall in plants- non in animals

What is the average diameter of a prokaryote and a Eukaryote?

Prokaryote = 0.5-5um Eukaryote = 20-40um

What is the method of motility of a prokaryote and a Eukaryote

Prokaryote = flagellum Eukaryote = undulipodium, non in plant cells

Do animal cells have a vacuole?

No but plant cells do

Do animal cells have centrioles?

Yes but plant do not