(F) Oral reports Flashcards
Determines concentration of solute in solution based on the potential of electrochemical cells
(without drawing current); static conditions preserve analyte composition
Potentionmetry
Device that generates electricity from the
chemical reactions occurring in it
Electrochemical Cell
Detects specific ions or molecules in a
solution
Indicator Electrode
Measure of how much voltage exists between
2 half-cells
Cell Potential
Reference point for the potential difference
between the indicator electrode and solution
Reference Electrode
Site where oxidation occurs (electrons are lost
to the solution
Anode
Site where reduction occurs (electrons are
gained from the solution)
Cathode
Maintains electrical neutrality between
half-cells
Salt Bridge
T or F : the stronger the oxidizing agent, the more electrons it can accept
T
T or F: The weaker the reducing agent, the more electrons it can give away
F (the stronger)
Site of gaining electrons
Cathode
site of losing lectrons
anode
T or F : electrons flow from negatively charged going to positively charged)
True anode to cathode
this component of potentiometry prevents charge buildup, neutralizing both slutions and allows for a voltage to exist
salt bridge
studies absorption, emission, and scattering of EM radiation by particles in solid, liquid, or gas
form
Spectroscopy
measures radiation (via wavelengths) absorbed and transmitted by a sample (in
comparison to a reference/blank sample) to quantify its chemical properties
UV-Vis Spectroscopy
Lies between visible light and X-rays along the EM spectrum and can be seen and distinguished by the naked eye
Visible Light
wavelengths of visible light
400-700 nanometers
frequencies of visible light
400 THz to 800 THz
light sources : - first source, loud noise,
intensity decreases overtime
Deuterium Lamp
light sources : - second source, very
stable, has low noise and drift
Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
light sources : high-intensity, produces
more noise, less stable
Xenon Lamp (alt.)
Sample used for UV examination
quartz
sample that absorbs uv light
plastic
Detectors : amplifies ejected electrons to generate larger currents
photomultiplier
Detectors: allows electrons to flow through the semiconductor when exposed to light
photodiode detector
Provides energy to change the electronic state of a sample when it absorbs or emits EM
radiation
Light Sources
Light sources:- provides useful energy in the visible region of the EM spectrum
Deuterium Arc Lamp
Light sources: yields good intensity over the UV spectrum
Tungsten Lamp
Separates wavelengths of light into a marrow (single-beam) which consists of the entrance and
exit slits
Monochromator
Separates incoming beams into 2 cuvettes or cells
Beam splitter
a solvent / blank solution
reference cuvette
contains the solution or solid being analyzed
sample cuvette
Transforms a light signal into an electrical signal; should have linear response with high
sensitivity and low noise
2 common types used are:
- Photodiodes
- Photomultiplier tubes
Detector
Can be presented using a graph of Absorbance, Optical Density, or Transmittance (as a
function of the wavelength)
Data Processing/Analysis
: Investigative process that utilizes fluorescence properties of samples for quantitative
measurements of chemical properties
Fluorescence spectroscopy
absorb light energy of a specific wavelength and re-emit it at a longer
wavelengths
Fluorochromes/fluorophores
T or F: Fluorochromes will not fluoresce if they are
illuminated with a light of corresponding wavelength
(depends on the absorbance spectrum); ensure that
enough energy is delivered to elevate the electrons into an
excited state
F (they will only fluoresce if the given criteria are met)
Light wavelengths OVER the UV and visible range
can provide the excitation energy
Light Source
Contains the experimentally needed chromatic
light (with a wavelength range of 10 nm)
- Prisms
- Diffraction gratings
monochromators
used in addition to monochromators to purify the light
optical filters
standard detector
InGAas array
Lab technique that divides DNA, RNA, or protein combinations based on their molecular size
most difficult and expensive also - sabi ni mam
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Carried out under constant voltage, current,
or power (migration rate should be
constant
Power Supply
Establishes an electrical charge on the
system’s solute and pH
buffers
Ca be in the form of slabs, sheets, and colums made out of starch, polyacrylamide, agarose, ad cellulose acetate membrane acting as a molecular sieve separating the molecules
support media
T or F : Support media is in a crystalline form with more than 90% water
False it should be colloid
Separates biomolecules based on
molecular size and surface charge
Starch Gel and DNA Ladder
its a solution of DNA of different
lengths used as a reference to estimate the
size of unknown DNA molecules separated
based on their mobility in the electrical field
DNA Ladder
Prepared by treating acetic anhydride with
cellulose
- Must be soaked in the buffer to get the
softened form and cleaned afterwards
Cellulose Acetate
Allows DNA molecules to travel within it, the ends of the gel containing holes where DNA is placed`
agarose
Accommodates large volumes of protein in
a single shot
Polyacrylamide
T or F : separation is based on molecular weight and mass to charge ratio
True
There is diffusion of large proteins
False as pore sizes are smaller
A plastic box or tank filled with a buffer for
biomolecule migration
Electrophoresis Chamber
Used to stain and destain gels
- Open-form and lidded boxes are available
gel containers
T or F : it has 2 copper electrodes facilitating molecule separation by attracting opposite charges
False platinum
T or F : anode binds to negative ions while cathode binds to positive ions
F (baliktad)
Greek meaning below
INFRA
What does INFRARED mean?
below red
latin for image
sPECTRA
means observation
skopia
the analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule through measuring absorption, emission, and reflection
infrared spectroscopy
eYYYYY REPORT NAMIN YAN
Instrumentation: Measures the difference between the
amount of IR of a particular wavelength
generated by the lamp and the amount that
reaches the detector
non dispersive
Examines IR radiation absorbed by the
sample
- Separated using a prism or grating
- Detectors are used to measure light
strength
- Is labor-intensive
Dispersive
Analyzes the wavelengths or frequencies of
radiation absorbed by a sample
Fourier Transform
T or F : In fourier transform, the mechanism of the moving mirror must be precise
T
the x-axis
wavenumber
y-axis
transmittance
lowest part of the wave
trough
(Rightmost side of the
graph where fluctuations are observed, unique for every element
fingerprint region
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