F&E Blueprint Flashcards
What is the range for potassium?
3.5-5.0
Potassium is inversely related to what?
Sodium
What are common causes of hypokalemia?
Triple D’s!!
Diuretic use
Diarrhea
Poor dietary intake (ex: low intake)
What are signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
Muscle cramps
Fatigue
Irregular heartbeat
Paresthesias
Bold is important, italics is from Perry
What will your ECG look like when a patient has hypokalemia?
U waves, flattened T waves
What are interventions used for hypokalemia?
Potassium supplements
Potassium-rich diet
PO or IV Potassium Chloride (KCL)
What are common causes of hyperkalemia?
CKD (impaired output)
Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone)
Dietary excess
Certain medication (Digoxin, Propranolol Hydrochloride)
Italics is Perry
What does your ECG look like in a patient with hyperkalemia?
Peaked T waves, widened QRS complex.
Furosemide can cause which electrolyte imbalance?
Hypokalemia
(furosemide is a potassium-wasting diuretic)
A burning sensation at the IV site is caused by which electrolyte?
Potassium
In a critical situation, what would be given for hyperkalemia?
Administer insulin with glucose
insulin acts to drive potassium ions into cells alongside glucose, effectively lowering the potassium level in the blood by facilitating its intracellular movement
What is the normal range for sodium?
136-145
Sodium follows what?
Water
What are causes for hyponatremia?
Excess fluid intake
SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
Diuretics (Thiazide diuretics, also known as water pills) (hydrochlorothiazide)
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
SEIZURES!!!!
Tendon reflexes go down
SALT LOSS
Remember seizures and decreased tendon reflexes and your good
Stupor/coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes go down
Limp muscles
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures
Stomach cramping
What are interventions for hyponatremia?
Restrict fluid
Isotonic or sodium-containing fluids
Monitor seizures
Italics is Perry
What are signs and symptoms or hypernatremia?
(Think if you have too much sodium, eat too much chips)
Thirst,
Dry mucous membranes,
Lethargy (mental status change)
FRIED and SALTED
Italics is Perry
Fever (low grade)
Restlessness and agitation
Increased fluid retention
Edema
Dry mouth
Skin flushed
Altered LOC and confusion
Low urinary output
Thirst
Elevated blood pressure
Decreased energy
What is the range for calcium?
9.0-10.5
What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs,
Muscle spasms and contractions (including the heart)
What electrolyte is calcium inversely related with?
Phosphate
What is electrolyte is calcium closely related with?
Magnesium
What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Hint for one of them: TUMS causes what
Nausea, fatigue, kidney stones
In severe cases, what would you give a patient for hypocalcemia?
IV calcium gluconate
What is the range for magnesium?
1.7-2.1
What are signs and symptoms of fluid overload (hypervolemia?)
There are five
Hints: First two, what happens to your body when you retain too much fluid?
Third: When you have a weight pressing on your chest it’s hard to what? Fourth: Neck vein
Fifth: What does your pulse feel like?
Weight gain
Edema
Dyspnea
Jugular vein distention
Bounding pulse
What are interventions for fluid overload?
Diuretics
Sodium restriction
Daily weights (same time, same clothes, everyday)
How do you manage fluids in patients with CHF?
Diuretics
Fluid restriction
Monitor I&Os
How do you manage fluids in patients with CKD?
Chronic Kidney Disease
What electrolytes are we avoiding for patients who’s kidneys don’t work
Avoid high-potassium. high phosphorous fluids, calcium, phosphate, sodium
What are signs and symptoms of dehydration?
There are four
Hint for 1: What does your skin do?
2: How does your mouth feel
3: What type of heart rate do you have?
4: Press into your finger
Poor skin turgor
Dry mucous membranes
Tachycardia
Poor capillary refill (More than 3 seconds)
What are fluid overload symptoms in CHF?
Chronic Heart Failure
Think lungs
Edema
Crackles
Dyspnea
How do you evaluate the effectiveness of diuretics in a CHF patient with fluid volume overload?
There are two
Think what you would do if there were crackles and edema
Monitoring weight
Monitoring lung sounds
What are signs and symptoms for severe dehydration?
There are two
Think skin and what happens when you REALLY don’t have any water in you
Poor skin turgor
Low urine output
How do you treat hypovolemic shock?
You need to restore their fluids FAST, how do you do that?
Rapid IV fluids
Blood products as needed
