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Fluid and Electrolytes (3rd yr) > F and E > Flashcards

F and E Flashcards

1
Q

Key elements underlying fluid and
electrolyte imbalance.

A

The Cell Membrane

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2
Q

What is the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

_________ is a water traveling through a semipermeable membrane, eventually a cell membrane.

A

Osmosis

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4
Q

____________ it lets some materials through but not others

A

semipermeable

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5
Q

it implies movement?

A

Fluid

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6
Q

Give the cell membrane flexibility.

A

Phospholipid

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7
Q

What is the two types of Phospholipid?

A

Hydrophilic (loves water) & Hydrophobic (do not like water)

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8
Q

Smallest autonomous functional unit of the
body.

A

Cell

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9
Q
  • Semi-permeable membrane (it separates
    intracellular from extracellular
    components, for it to exchange and get
    energy, synthesize complex molecules,
    participate in electrical event and replicate
    cells)
  • Serves as security guard/gate.
A

CELL WALL

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10
Q

What is the 3 types of Cell membrane composition?

A

Phospholipids
Proteins
Cell Coat

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11
Q

Arranged in one end (hydrophilic) and the
other end (hydrophobic)

A

Phospholipids

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12
Q

-Second major component of the cell
membrane where most of the functions of
the cellular membrane occur.

-They transport lipid-insoluble particles
acting as carriers to pass these
compounds directly through the
membrane. Some proteins form ion
channels for the exchange of electrolytes

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Long chains of complex carbohydrates
made up glycoproteins, glycolipids and
lectins that form the outside surface of the
cell. This intricate coat helps in cell-to-cell
recognition and adhesion.

A

Cell Coat

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14
Q
  • Water is the primary component of body fluid and function in several ways to maintain normal cellural function
A

BODY FLUID COMPOSITION

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15
Q
  • Body Fluid is compose of water and
    various dissolved substances (Solutes)
  • Water absorption in the gastrointestinal
    tract. Body fluid is composed of water and
    various dissolved substances (solutes)
A

BODY FLUID COMPOSITION

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16
Q
  • Provides a medium for the transport
    and exchange of nutrients and other
    substances such as oxygen, carbon
    dioxide, and metabolic wastes to and
    from cells;
  • Provides a medium for metabolic
    reactions within cells;
  • Assists in regulating body temperature
    through the evaporation of perspiration.
A

Water

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17
Q

Total Body water constitutes about _________ of
the total body weight amount varies with:
__________, __________, and _____________

A

60%

-Age
-Gender
-The amount of body fat

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18
Q

Total body water decreases from ______________ of total body weight with obesity and with aging.

A

45% to 50%

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19
Q

true or false

  • Thin has more body water than normal
    and obese.
A

True

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21
Q

true or false

  • Infant has more body water than an adult.
A

True

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21
Q

What are the 3 FACTORS AFFECTING BODY WATER

A

Age
- Infant 70% - 80%
- Adult 50% - 60%
- Elderly 45% - 50%

-Gender/Sex
- Male 60%
- Female 50%

-Body Fats

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22
Q

GINE THE 8 FUNCTIONS OF BODY WATER

A

1.Temperature regulation. (by perspiration)

  1. Transport of materials to/ from the cells.
  2. Aqueous medium for cellular metabolism
    (provides a medium for metabolic
    reaction).
  3. Assist in food digestion (hydrolysis).
  4. Act as solvent in which solutes are
    available for cell function.
  5. Maintain blood volume. (For the body to
    compensate)
  6. Medium of waste excretion. (Help avoid
    constipation)
  7. Cushion body parts from injury. (pag bony
    mas mabili mafracture)
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23
Q

Give the example of insensible water loss

A

Occurs through the skin, lungs,
and feces.
- Can increase significantly during
a. Exercise; (perspiration =
loss of water)
b. High environmental
temperatures;
c. During illnesses that
respiratory rate,
perspiration or
gastrointestinal losses

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24
Q

Fill in the black:

In take
H2 ( orally) ______mL

Water in
Food _____mL

Oxidation _____mL

Total 2500mL

A

In take
H2 ( orally) 1000mL

Water in
Food 1300mL

Oxidation 200mL

Total 2500mL

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25
Q

Fill in the black:

OUT PUT
Urine ______mL

Feces ______mL

Perspiration ______mL

Respiration ______mL

Total 2500mL

A

OUT PUT
Urine 1500mL

Feces 200mL

Perspiration 500mL

Respiration 300mL

Total 2500mL

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26
Q
  1. Excessive thirst

2a. Pag sobra ang fluid na nainom kasi feel
mo uhaw ka or dehydrated.
2b. Water intoxication.
2c. Fluid volume excess

A

polydipsia

Psychogenic polydipsia

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27
Q

4 ROUTES OF FLUID LOSS

A

A. Kidneys
B. Skin
C. Lungs
D. Gastrointestinal Tract

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28
Q

● Body fluids contain both water molecules
and chemical compounds. These chemical
compounds can either remain intact in
solution or dissociate into discrete
particles.

● Electrolytes are substances that
dissociate in solution to form charged
particles called ions. Cations are
positively charged electrolytes; anions are
negatively charged electrolytes.

● Electrically charged particles, and is
expressed in terms of milliequivalent per
liter (mEq/L)

A

ELECTROLYTES

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29
Q

● Electrolytes are substances that
dissociate in solution to form charged
particles called ions. Cations are
positively charged electrolytes; anions are
negatively charged electrolytes.

A

ELECTROLYTES

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30
Q

● Electrically charged particles, and is
expressed in terms of milliequivalent per
liter (mEq/L)

A

ELECTROLYTES

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31
Q

● Body fluids contain both water molecules
and chemical compounds. These chemical
compounds can either remain intact in
solution or dissociate into discrete
particles.

A

ELECTROLYTES

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32
Q

dissociated electrolyte particles
which carry either (+) (-) charge

A

IONS

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33
Q

(+) charge =

A

cations

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34
Q

(-) charge =

A

anions

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35
Q

FOUR (4) MAJOR FUNCTION OF ELECTROLYTES

A
  1. Assisting with regulation of water
    balance
  2. Regulating and maintaining acid-base
    balance
  3. Contributing to enzyme reactions
  4. Essential for neuromuscular activity
36
Q

What rage of Electrolytes the following below

  • Fully dissociate in
    water
  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Sodium chloride
  • Hydrochloric acid
A

Strong Electrolytes

37
Q

What rage of Electrolytes the following below

  • Incompletely
    dissociate in water
  • Water
  • Acetic acid
  • Ammonia
A

Weak Electrolytes

38
Q

What rage of Electrolytes the following below

  • Do not dissociate in
    water
  • Sugar
  • Alcohol
  • Oil
A

Non-Electrolytes

39
Q

MAJOR ELECTROLYTE PER BODY
COMPARTMENT

ANIONS (-)
● Chloride (CI-)
(most abundant)
● Bicarbonate
(HCO3 -)

CATIONS (+)
● Sodium (Na+)
(most abundant)
● Calcium (Ca++)
● Magnesium
(Mg++)

Sodium Chloride for patient with burn kasi equal
lang siya…

A

Extracellular Fluid

40
Q

MAJOR ELECTROLYTE PER BODY
COMPARTMENT

ANIONS (-)
● Phosphorus/
Phosphate (HP04-2 )
(most abundant)
● Sulfates (SO4-2)
● Proteins (Prot-)

CATIONS (+)
● Potassium (K+)
(most abundant)
● Magnesium
(Mg++)

A

Intracellular Fluid

41
Q

MAJOR ELECTROLYTE PER BODY
COMPARTMENT

A
42
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

  1. Sodium (Na+)

Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (____________ mEq/L)
- ICF (_____________ mEg/L)

A

Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (134-145 mEq/L)
- ICF (15-20 mEg/L)

43
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

  1. Sodium (Na+)

Complete the sentence below:

Basic Function
- Regulates fluid volume within ______________
- Regulates vascular osmotic
pressure
- Controls water distribution between ___________________
compartments
- Participates in conduction of nerve
impulses
- Maintain ______________________________

A

Basic Function

  • Regulates fluid volume within ECF
    compartment
  • Regulates vascular osmotic
    pressure
  • Controls water distribution between
    ECF and ICF compartments
  • Participates in conduction of nerve
    impulses
  • Maintain neuromuscular excitability
44
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

  1. Sodium (Na+)

What are the example of dietary Source of Sodium

A

Dietary Sources

  • Table salt
  • Cheese
  • Milk
  • Processed meat
  • Poultry
  • Shellfish
  • Fish
  • Eggs
  • Foods preserved with salt (e.g.,
    ham and bacon)
45
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Potassium (K+)

Distribution of Fluid in the body
ECF (_____________)
- ICF (_____________)

A

Distribution of Fluid in the body
ECF (3.5-5 mEq/L)
- ICF (150-155 mEg/L)

46
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Potassium (K+)

Complete the sentence below:

● Basic Function
- Regulates osmolality of ____.
- Participates in transmission of
_______________.
- Promotes __________________________________________.
- Regulates acid-base balance by
cellular exchange of hydrogen
ions

A

● Basic Function
- Regulates osmolality of ICF.
- Participates in transmission of
nerve impulses.
- Promotes contraction of skeletal
and smooth muscles.
- Regulates acid-base balance by
cellular exchange of hydrogen
ions

47
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

  1. Potassium (K+)

What are the example of dietary Source of Potassium (K+)

A

Dietary Sources
- Fruits (especially bananas,
oranges, and dried fruits)
- Vegetables
- Meats
- Nuts

48
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Calcium (Ca+)

Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (___________)
- ICF (__________)

A

Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (8.5-10 mEq/L)
- ICF (1-2 mEg/L)

49
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Calcium (Ca+)

Basic Function
- Provides strength and durability to
_________________.
- Establishes thickness and strength
of cell membranes.
- Promotes transmission of ____________________.
- Maintains neuromuscular
excitability
- Essential for blood coagulation.
- Activates enzyme reactions, and
hormone secretions.

A

Basic Function
- Provides strength and durability to
bones and teeth.
- Establishes thickness and strength
of cell membranes.
- Promotes transmission of nerve
impulses.
- Maintains neuromuscular
excitability
- Essential for blood coagulation.
- Activates enzyme reactions, and
hormone secretions.

50
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Calcium (Ca+)

What are the example of dietary Source of Calcium (Ca+)

A
  • Dairy products (milk, cheese, and
    yogurt).
  • Sardines
  • Whole grains.
  • Green leafy vegetables.
51
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Magnesium (Mg+)

Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (_____________)
- ICF (______________)

A

Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (1.3-2.1 mEq/L)
- ICF (27-29 mEg/L)

52
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Magnesium (Mg+)

Basic Function
- Activates enzyme systems, mainly
those associated with vit. B metabolism and the use of potassium calcium. and protein
- Promotes regulation of serum calcium, phosphorus and
potassium levels.
- Promotes ____________________.

A

Basic Function
- Activates enzyme systems, mainly
those associated with vit. B
metabolism and the use of
potassium calcium. and protein
- Promotes regulation of serum
calcium, phosphorus and
potassium levels.
- Promotes neuromuscular activity.

53
Q

ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION

Magnesium (Mg+)

What are the example of dietary Source of Magnesium (Mg+)

A

Dietary Sources
- Green leafy vegetables.
- Grains.
- Fish.
- Nuts

53
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (135 – 145 mEq/L)
● SI values (135 – 145 mmol/L)

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)

● Conventional Values (135 – 145 mEq/L)
● SI values (135 – 145 mmol/L)

54
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (98 – 106 mEq/L)
● SI values (98 – 106 mmol/L)

A
  1. Chloride (Cl-)

● Conventional Values (98 – 106 mEq/L)
● SI values (98 – 106 mmol/L)

55
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (22 – 26 mEq/L)
● SI values (22 – 26 mmol/L)

A

Bicarbonate (HCO ₃-)

● Conventional Values (22 – 26 mEq/L)
● SI values (22 – 26 mmol/L)

56
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (8.5 – 10.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)

A

Calcium (Ca+)

● Conventional Values (8.5 – 10.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)

57
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L)

A

Potassium (K+)

● Conventional Values (3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L)

58
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (1.7 – 2.6 mEq/L (2.5
– 4.5 mg/dl))
● SI values (0.8 – 1.5 mmol/L)

A

Phosphate / Inorganic Phosphorus (P₄+)

● Conventional Values (1.7 – 2.6 mEq/L (2.5
– 4.5 mg/dl))
● SI values (0.8 – 1.5 mmol/L)

59
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (1.6 – 2.6 mg/dl (1.3
– 2.1 mEq/L)

A

Magnesium (Mg+)

● Conventional Values (1.6 – 2.6 mg/dl (1.3
– 2.1 mEq/L)
● SI values (0.8 – 1.3 mmol/L)

60
Q

SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES

● Conventional Values (275 – 295
mOsm/kg)
● SI values (275 – 295 mmol/L)

A

Serum Osmolality
● Conventional Values (275 – 295
mOsm/kg)
● SI values (275 – 295 mmol/L)

61
Q

Body fluid is classified by its location
inside or outside the cells. Capillary and
cell membranes separate total body fluids
into two main compartments:

Q. What is the two main compartments?

A

into two main compartments:
1. Intracellular Fluid Compartment
2. Extracellular Fluid Compartment

62
Q

________________ is found within
cells. ____________ is essential for normal cell
function, providing a medium for metabolic
processes.

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

63
Q

Make up 2/3 of the body’s water or
40% of Body weight Larger of the
two compartments Rich in electrolytes, potassium, magnesium,
inorganic and organic phosphates
and proteins

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) (40%)

64
Q

● ________________is located outside
of cells Contains all the fluid outside the
cells
● Accounts for 20% of Body weight Rich in
electrolytes: sodium, chloride and
bicarbonate

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF) (20%)

65
Q

What is the 3 types of ECF

A

a. Interstitial Fluid (15%)
b. Intravascular Fluid (5%)
c. Transcellular Fluid (1%)

66
Q

ECF is further Classified by Location

What ECF is …

  • Located in the spaces between
    most cells of the body
  • Accounts for approximately 15% of
    Body weight
A

Interstitial Fluid (15%)

67
Q

ECF is further Classified by Location

What ECF is …

  • Blood vessel compartments called
    “plasma”, is contained within the
    arteries, veins, and capillaries
A

b. Intravascular Fluid (5%)

68
Q

ECF is further Classified by Location

What ECF is …

  • Includes urine; digestive
    secretions; perspiration; and
    cerebrospinal, pleural, synovial,
    intraocular, gonadal, and
    pericardial fluids
  • The transcellular space contributes
    approximately 1% of the body fluid,
    and significant gains and losses do
    not occur on a daily basis
A

c. Transcellular Fluid (1%)

69
Q

ECF is further Classified by Location

What ECF is …

A
70
Q

● _________________ allows molecules to move
across cell membranes and epithelial
membranes against a concentration
gradient.
● This movement requires energy
(adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) and a
carrier mechanism to maintain a higher
concentration of a substance on one side
of the membrane than on the other.
● Concentration Gradient – Inequality of
concentration in solutes between the two
compartments hence concentration
gradient is created.
● Complex sugar, ions large cells, proteins,
and other particles are transported in this
process.

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

71
Q

____________________ is the Inequality of
concentration in solutes between the two
compartments hence concentration
gradient is created.

A

Concentration Gradient

72
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  1. Primary Active Transport:

● uses the initial source of energy to
carry the substance

  1. Secondary Active Transport
    (cotransport)

● harnesses the energy obtained
from the primary active transport
and uses it as a cotransporter of a
secondary substance

73
Q

What transport is uses the initial source of energy to
carry the substance

A

Primary Active Transport:

74
Q

What transport is harnesses the energy obtained
from the primary active transport
and uses it as a cotransporter of a
secondary substance

A

Secondary Active Transport
(cotransport)

75
Q

WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

A
  1. SODIUM POTASSIUM PUM
  2. ENDOCYTOSIS
  3. ENDOCYTOSIS
76
Q

a plasma membrane surrounds the
substance being transported and
transports the substance into the cell.

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

77
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE (3) MAIN KINDS OF ENDOCYTOSIS

A

a. Phagocytosis or cellular eating
b. Pinocytosis or cellular drinking
c. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (RME)

78
Q

Occurs when the dissolved materials enter
the cell. The plasma membrane engulfs
the solid material, forming a phagocytic
vesicle. (There is fluid inside)

A

Phagocytosis or cellular eating

79
Q

Occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell. When the channel is closed, the liquid is
encircled within a pinocytic vesicle.

A

Pinocytosis or cellular drinking

80
Q

Also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane

A

c. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (RME)

81
Q
  1. Moves materials out of the cell
  2. Materials is carried in a membranous
    vesicle
  3. Vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane
  4. Vesicle combines with the plasma
    membrane
  5. Materials is emptied to the outside
A

ENDOCYTOSIS

82
Q

differentiate the difference of EXOCYTOSIS and ENDOCYTOSIS

A

Endocytosisis inside it will be carried onto the
vesicle, the vesicle will be formed and the
materials will be transported inside the cell.

Exocytosis whatever the materials will be
released on the outside, inside the cell will also
be covered inside the vesicle it will attach itself in
the plasma membrane releasing now the
materials or the molecules

83
Q

________________ inside it will be carried onto the
vesicle, the vesicle will be formed and the
materials will be transported inside the cell.

A

Endocytosisis

84
Q

_____________ whatever the materials will be
released on the outside, inside the cell will also
be covered inside the vesicle it will attach itself in the plasma membrane releasing now the
materials or the molecules

A

Exocytosis

85
Q

In this biological process, there is no need
for any energy for transporting the
molecules, as the biochemicals move
from higher to lower concentration. This
process is carried out to maintain the
balance and the equilibrium level in a cell.
All the waste molecules including water
and carbon dioxide are separated and
moved out of the cell using passive
transport.

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

86
Q

● __________________is the process by which water
moves across a selectively permeable
membrane from an area of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher
solute concentration.
● A selectively permeable membrane
allows water molecules to cross but is
relatively impermeable to dissolved
substances (solutes). Osmosis continues
until the solute concentration on both
sides of the membrane is equal.

A

Osmosis

Fluid and Electrolytes (3rd yr) (1 decks)

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