F and E Flashcards
Key elements underlying fluid and
electrolyte imbalance.
The Cell Membrane
What is the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell?
Cell membrane
_________ is a water traveling through a semipermeable membrane, eventually a cell membrane.
Osmosis
____________ it lets some materials through but not others
semipermeable
it implies movement?
Fluid
Give the cell membrane flexibility.
Phospholipid
What is the two types of Phospholipid?
Hydrophilic (loves water) & Hydrophobic (do not like water)
Smallest autonomous functional unit of the
body.
Cell
- Semi-permeable membrane (it separates
intracellular from extracellular
components, for it to exchange and get
energy, synthesize complex molecules,
participate in electrical event and replicate
cells) - Serves as security guard/gate.
CELL WALL
What is the 3 types of Cell membrane composition?
Phospholipids
Proteins
Cell Coat
Arranged in one end (hydrophilic) and the
other end (hydrophobic)
Phospholipids
-Second major component of the cell
membrane where most of the functions of
the cellular membrane occur.
-They transport lipid-insoluble particles
acting as carriers to pass these
compounds directly through the
membrane. Some proteins form ion
channels for the exchange of electrolytes
Proteins
Long chains of complex carbohydrates
made up glycoproteins, glycolipids and
lectins that form the outside surface of the
cell. This intricate coat helps in cell-to-cell
recognition and adhesion.
Cell Coat
- Water is the primary component of body fluid and function in several ways to maintain normal cellural function
BODY FLUID COMPOSITION
- Body Fluid is compose of water and
various dissolved substances (Solutes) - Water absorption in the gastrointestinal
tract. Body fluid is composed of water and
various dissolved substances (solutes)
BODY FLUID COMPOSITION
- Provides a medium for the transport
and exchange of nutrients and other
substances such as oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and metabolic wastes to and
from cells; - Provides a medium for metabolic
reactions within cells; - Assists in regulating body temperature
through the evaporation of perspiration.
Water
Total Body water constitutes about _________ of
the total body weight amount varies with:
__________, __________, and _____________
60%
-Age
-Gender
-The amount of body fat
Total body water decreases from ______________ of total body weight with obesity and with aging.
45% to 50%
true or false
- Thin has more body water than normal
and obese.
True
true or false
- Infant has more body water than an adult.
True
What are the 3 FACTORS AFFECTING BODY WATER
Age
- Infant 70% - 80%
- Adult 50% - 60%
- Elderly 45% - 50%
-Gender/Sex
- Male 60%
- Female 50%
-Body Fats
GINE THE 8 FUNCTIONS OF BODY WATER
1.Temperature regulation. (by perspiration)
- Transport of materials to/ from the cells.
- Aqueous medium for cellular metabolism
(provides a medium for metabolic
reaction). - Assist in food digestion (hydrolysis).
- Act as solvent in which solutes are
available for cell function. - Maintain blood volume. (For the body to
compensate) - Medium of waste excretion. (Help avoid
constipation) - Cushion body parts from injury. (pag bony
mas mabili mafracture)
Give the example of insensible water loss
Occurs through the skin, lungs,
and feces.
- Can increase significantly during
a. Exercise; (perspiration =
loss of water)
b. High environmental
temperatures;
c. During illnesses that
respiratory rate,
perspiration or
gastrointestinal losses
Fill in the black:
In take
H2 ( orally) ______mL
Water in
Food _____mL
Oxidation _____mL
Total 2500mL
In take
H2 ( orally) 1000mL
Water in
Food 1300mL
Oxidation 200mL
Total 2500mL
Fill in the black:
OUT PUT
Urine ______mL
Feces ______mL
Perspiration ______mL
Respiration ______mL
Total 2500mL
OUT PUT
Urine 1500mL
Feces 200mL
Perspiration 500mL
Respiration 300mL
Total 2500mL
- Excessive thirst
2a. Pag sobra ang fluid na nainom kasi feel
mo uhaw ka or dehydrated.
2b. Water intoxication.
2c. Fluid volume excess
polydipsia
Psychogenic polydipsia
4 ROUTES OF FLUID LOSS
A. Kidneys
B. Skin
C. Lungs
D. Gastrointestinal Tract
● Body fluids contain both water molecules
and chemical compounds. These chemical
compounds can either remain intact in
solution or dissociate into discrete
particles.
● Electrolytes are substances that
dissociate in solution to form charged
particles called ions. Cations are
positively charged electrolytes; anions are
negatively charged electrolytes.
● Electrically charged particles, and is
expressed in terms of milliequivalent per
liter (mEq/L)
ELECTROLYTES
● Electrolytes are substances that
dissociate in solution to form charged
particles called ions. Cations are
positively charged electrolytes; anions are
negatively charged electrolytes.
ELECTROLYTES
● Electrically charged particles, and is
expressed in terms of milliequivalent per
liter (mEq/L)
ELECTROLYTES
● Body fluids contain both water molecules
and chemical compounds. These chemical
compounds can either remain intact in
solution or dissociate into discrete
particles.
ELECTROLYTES
dissociated electrolyte particles
which carry either (+) (-) charge
IONS
(+) charge =
cations
(-) charge =
anions
FOUR (4) MAJOR FUNCTION OF ELECTROLYTES
- Assisting with regulation of water
balance - Regulating and maintaining acid-base
balance - Contributing to enzyme reactions
- Essential for neuromuscular activity
What rage of Electrolytes the following below
- Fully dissociate in
water - Sodium hydroxide
- Sodium chloride
- Hydrochloric acid
Strong Electrolytes
What rage of Electrolytes the following below
- Incompletely
dissociate in water - Water
- Acetic acid
- Ammonia
Weak Electrolytes
What rage of Electrolytes the following below
- Do not dissociate in
water - Sugar
- Alcohol
- Oil
Non-Electrolytes
MAJOR ELECTROLYTE PER BODY
COMPARTMENT
ANIONS (-)
● Chloride (CI-)
(most abundant)
● Bicarbonate
(HCO3 -)
CATIONS (+)
● Sodium (Na+)
(most abundant)
● Calcium (Ca++)
● Magnesium
(Mg++)
Sodium Chloride for patient with burn kasi equal
lang siya…
Extracellular Fluid
MAJOR ELECTROLYTE PER BODY
COMPARTMENT
ANIONS (-)
● Phosphorus/
Phosphate (HP04-2 )
(most abundant)
● Sulfates (SO4-2)
● Proteins (Prot-)
CATIONS (+)
● Potassium (K+)
(most abundant)
● Magnesium
(Mg++)
Intracellular Fluid
MAJOR ELECTROLYTE PER BODY
COMPARTMENT
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
- Sodium (Na+)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (____________ mEq/L)
- ICF (_____________ mEg/L)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (134-145 mEq/L)
- ICF (15-20 mEg/L)
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
- Sodium (Na+)
Complete the sentence below:
Basic Function
- Regulates fluid volume within ______________
- Regulates vascular osmotic
pressure
- Controls water distribution between ___________________
compartments
- Participates in conduction of nerve
impulses
- Maintain ______________________________
Basic Function
- Regulates fluid volume within ECF
compartment - Regulates vascular osmotic
pressure - Controls water distribution between
ECF and ICF compartments - Participates in conduction of nerve
impulses - Maintain neuromuscular excitability
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
- Sodium (Na+)
What are the example of dietary Source of Sodium
Dietary Sources
- Table salt
- Cheese
- Milk
- Processed meat
- Poultry
- Shellfish
- Fish
- Eggs
- Foods preserved with salt (e.g.,
ham and bacon)
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Potassium (K+)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
ECF (_____________)
- ICF (_____________)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
ECF (3.5-5 mEq/L)
- ICF (150-155 mEg/L)
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Potassium (K+)
Complete the sentence below:
● Basic Function
- Regulates osmolality of ____.
- Participates in transmission of
_______________.
- Promotes __________________________________________.
- Regulates acid-base balance by
cellular exchange of hydrogen
ions
● Basic Function
- Regulates osmolality of ICF.
- Participates in transmission of
nerve impulses.
- Promotes contraction of skeletal
and smooth muscles.
- Regulates acid-base balance by
cellular exchange of hydrogen
ions
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
- Potassium (K+)
What are the example of dietary Source of Potassium (K+)
Dietary Sources
- Fruits (especially bananas,
oranges, and dried fruits)
- Vegetables
- Meats
- Nuts
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Calcium (Ca+)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (___________)
- ICF (__________)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (8.5-10 mEq/L)
- ICF (1-2 mEg/L)
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Calcium (Ca+)
Basic Function
- Provides strength and durability to
_________________.
- Establishes thickness and strength
of cell membranes.
- Promotes transmission of ____________________.
- Maintains neuromuscular
excitability
- Essential for blood coagulation.
- Activates enzyme reactions, and
hormone secretions.
Basic Function
- Provides strength and durability to
bones and teeth.
- Establishes thickness and strength
of cell membranes.
- Promotes transmission of nerve
impulses.
- Maintains neuromuscular
excitability
- Essential for blood coagulation.
- Activates enzyme reactions, and
hormone secretions.
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Calcium (Ca+)
What are the example of dietary Source of Calcium (Ca+)
- Dairy products (milk, cheese, and
yogurt). - Sardines
- Whole grains.
- Green leafy vegetables.
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Magnesium (Mg+)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (_____________)
- ICF (______________)
Distribution of Fluid in the body
- ECF (1.3-2.1 mEq/L)
- ICF (27-29 mEg/L)
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Magnesium (Mg+)
Basic Function
- Activates enzyme systems, mainly
those associated with vit. B metabolism and the use of potassium calcium. and protein
- Promotes regulation of serum calcium, phosphorus and
potassium levels.
- Promotes ____________________.
Basic Function
- Activates enzyme systems, mainly
those associated with vit. B
metabolism and the use of
potassium calcium. and protein
- Promotes regulation of serum
calcium, phosphorus and
potassium levels.
- Promotes neuromuscular activity.
ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Magnesium (Mg+)
What are the example of dietary Source of Magnesium (Mg+)
Dietary Sources
- Green leafy vegetables.
- Grains.
- Fish.
- Nuts
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (135 – 145 mEq/L)
● SI values (135 – 145 mmol/L)
- Sodium (Na+)
● Conventional Values (135 – 145 mEq/L)
● SI values (135 – 145 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (98 – 106 mEq/L)
● SI values (98 – 106 mmol/L)
- Chloride (Cl-)
● Conventional Values (98 – 106 mEq/L)
● SI values (98 – 106 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (22 – 26 mEq/L)
● SI values (22 – 26 mmol/L)
Bicarbonate (HCO ₃-)
● Conventional Values (22 – 26 mEq/L)
● SI values (22 – 26 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (8.5 – 10.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)
Calcium (Ca+)
● Conventional Values (8.5 – 10.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L)
Potassium (K+)
● Conventional Values (3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L)
● SI values (3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (1.7 – 2.6 mEq/L (2.5
– 4.5 mg/dl))
● SI values (0.8 – 1.5 mmol/L)
Phosphate / Inorganic Phosphorus (P₄+)
● Conventional Values (1.7 – 2.6 mEq/L (2.5
– 4.5 mg/dl))
● SI values (0.8 – 1.5 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (1.6 – 2.6 mg/dl (1.3
– 2.1 mEq/L)
Magnesium (Mg+)
● Conventional Values (1.6 – 2.6 mg/dl (1.3
– 2.1 mEq/L)
● SI values (0.8 – 1.3 mmol/L)
SERUM COMPONENT & VALUES
● Conventional Values (275 – 295
mOsm/kg)
● SI values (275 – 295 mmol/L)
Serum Osmolality
● Conventional Values (275 – 295
mOsm/kg)
● SI values (275 – 295 mmol/L)
Body fluid is classified by its location
inside or outside the cells. Capillary and
cell membranes separate total body fluids
into two main compartments:
Q. What is the two main compartments?
into two main compartments:
1. Intracellular Fluid Compartment
2. Extracellular Fluid Compartment
________________ is found within
cells. ____________ is essential for normal cell
function, providing a medium for metabolic
processes.
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Make up 2/3 of the body’s water or
40% of Body weight Larger of the
two compartments Rich in electrolytes, potassium, magnesium,
inorganic and organic phosphates
and proteins
Intracellular fluid (ICF) (40%)
● ________________is located outside
of cells Contains all the fluid outside the
cells
● Accounts for 20% of Body weight Rich in
electrolytes: sodium, chloride and
bicarbonate
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF) (20%)
What is the 3 types of ECF
a. Interstitial Fluid (15%)
b. Intravascular Fluid (5%)
c. Transcellular Fluid (1%)
ECF is further Classified by Location
What ECF is …
- Located in the spaces between
most cells of the body - Accounts for approximately 15% of
Body weight
Interstitial Fluid (15%)
ECF is further Classified by Location
What ECF is …
- Blood vessel compartments called
“plasma”, is contained within the
arteries, veins, and capillaries
b. Intravascular Fluid (5%)
ECF is further Classified by Location
What ECF is …
- Includes urine; digestive
secretions; perspiration; and
cerebrospinal, pleural, synovial,
intraocular, gonadal, and
pericardial fluids - The transcellular space contributes
approximately 1% of the body fluid,
and significant gains and losses do
not occur on a daily basis
c. Transcellular Fluid (1%)
ECF is further Classified by Location
What ECF is …
● _________________ allows molecules to move
across cell membranes and epithelial
membranes against a concentration
gradient.
● This movement requires energy
(adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) and a
carrier mechanism to maintain a higher
concentration of a substance on one side
of the membrane than on the other.
● Concentration Gradient – Inequality of
concentration in solutes between the two
compartments hence concentration
gradient is created.
● Complex sugar, ions large cells, proteins,
and other particles are transported in this
process.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
____________________ is the Inequality of
concentration in solutes between the two
compartments hence concentration
gradient is created.
Concentration Gradient
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Primary Active Transport:
● uses the initial source of energy to
carry the substance
- Secondary Active Transport
(cotransport)
● harnesses the energy obtained
from the primary active transport
and uses it as a cotransporter of a
secondary substance
What transport is uses the initial source of energy to
carry the substance
Primary Active Transport:
What transport is harnesses the energy obtained
from the primary active transport
and uses it as a cotransporter of a
secondary substance
Secondary Active Transport
(cotransport)
WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
- SODIUM POTASSIUM PUM
- ENDOCYTOSIS
- ENDOCYTOSIS
a plasma membrane surrounds the
substance being transported and
transports the substance into the cell.
ENDOCYTOSIS
WHAT ARE THE THREE (3) MAIN KINDS OF ENDOCYTOSIS
a. Phagocytosis or cellular eating
b. Pinocytosis or cellular drinking
c. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (RME)
Occurs when the dissolved materials enter
the cell. The plasma membrane engulfs
the solid material, forming a phagocytic
vesicle. (There is fluid inside)
Phagocytosis or cellular eating
Occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell. When the channel is closed, the liquid is
encircled within a pinocytic vesicle.
Pinocytosis or cellular drinking
Also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane
c. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (RME)
- Moves materials out of the cell
- Materials is carried in a membranous
vesicle - Vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane
- Vesicle combines with the plasma
membrane - Materials is emptied to the outside
ENDOCYTOSIS
differentiate the difference of EXOCYTOSIS and ENDOCYTOSIS
Endocytosisis inside it will be carried onto the
vesicle, the vesicle will be formed and the
materials will be transported inside the cell.
Exocytosis whatever the materials will be
released on the outside, inside the cell will also
be covered inside the vesicle it will attach itself in
the plasma membrane releasing now the
materials or the molecules
________________ inside it will be carried onto the
vesicle, the vesicle will be formed and the
materials will be transported inside the cell.
Endocytosisis
_____________ whatever the materials will be
released on the outside, inside the cell will also
be covered inside the vesicle it will attach itself in the plasma membrane releasing now the
materials or the molecules
Exocytosis
In this biological process, there is no need
for any energy for transporting the
molecules, as the biochemicals move
from higher to lower concentration. This
process is carried out to maintain the
balance and the equilibrium level in a cell.
All the waste molecules including water
and carbon dioxide are separated and
moved out of the cell using passive
transport.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
● __________________is the process by which water
moves across a selectively permeable
membrane from an area of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher
solute concentration.
● A selectively permeable membrane
allows water molecules to cross but is
relatively impermeable to dissolved
substances (solutes). Osmosis continues
until the solute concentration on both
sides of the membrane is equal.
Osmosis
