Eyes & Ears Flashcards
What is the corneal light reflex (CLR/Hirschberg test)?
It tests how light is reflected from the corneas of the eyes; with ocular alignment, a light reflection should be equally centered on both pupils. If unequal, there may be misalignment (strabismus or amblyopia).
How can eye movement be evaluated?
By directing the patient to turn the eyes in 6 cardinal positions of gaze: up/right, right, down/right, down/left, left, and up/left.
What is the cover test?
A measurement of eye posture or alignment; cover one eye and look for movement.
What does the accommodation reaction assess?
It assesses how well the eyes can shift focus between nearby and distant objects.
What is the direct and consensual reaction in eye examination?
It involves observing pupil size and shape at rest, looking for anisocoria; direct response is constriction of the illuminated pupil, and consensual response is constriction of the opposite pupil.
What does lacrimal regurgitation indicate?
The flow of mucoid material from the puncta will confirm the presence of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
What do fields of peripheral vision measure?
They measure how well one can see above, below, and to the sides of something being viewed (perimetry test).
What is visual acuity?
It determines the visual clarity or sharpness of vision; distinguishing between different optotypes (stylized letters or symbols) at a standard distance.
What is the red reflex used for?
It is used to identify opacities in the visual axis as well as abnormalities in the posterior segment of the eye (corneal abnormality, cataract, retinoblastoma).
What is accommodation in terms of eye function?
The ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects; the lens changes its shape to keep an object in focus as its distance from the eye varies.
What is amblyopia?
Also known as ‘lazy eye;’ it is poor vision that usually happens in just one eye but less commonly in both eyes; a breakdown in how the brain and eye work together.
What is anisocoria?
Unequal pupil size.
What is the bulbar conjunctiva?
The covering over the eyeball that protects the white of the eye.
What is a canthus?
Either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet; includes the medial and lateral ends of the palpebral fissure.
What is diplopia?
A visual disturbance characterized by the perception of double images; can result from ocular misalignment or optical anomalies.
What is ectropion?
A condition in which the eyelid turns outward, leaving the inner eyelid surface exposed and prone to irritation; common in older adults.
What is entropion?
A condition where the eyelid turns inward so that the eyelashes and skin rub against the eye surface.
What is epiphora?
Excessive tearing; overflow of tears from one or both eyes; can be continuous or intermittent.
What is exophthalmos?
‘Proptosis;’ bulging or protruding eyeball(s); often caused by thyroid eye disease.
What is hyperopia?
A condition in which visual images come to focus behind the retina; better vision for distant than for near objects; known as ‘farsightedness.’
What is the limbus?
A border distinguished by color or structure; especially the marginal region of the cornea by which it is continuous with the sclera.
What is miosis?
Excessive constriction/shrinking of the pupil; pupil diameter less than 2 mm.
What is myopia?
‘Nearsightedness;’ a condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurred.
What is mydriasis?
Unusual dilation or widening of the pupils.
