Eyes and Ears

Question 1

cornea

Answer 1

light enters the eye through a transparent window called the cornea

Question 2

pupil

Answer 2

opening permitting light to pass through

Question 3

iris

Answer 3

regulates amount of light entering the eye because it controls size of pupil

Question 4

lens

Answer 4

located behind cornea, focuses light rays falling on the retina, made of soft tissue

Question 5

visual accommodation

Answer 5

occurs when the curvature of the lens adjusts to alter the focus

Question 6

retina

Answer 6

adjusted light is then focused on the back of the eye

Question 7

cones

Answer 7

detect color

Question 8

fovea

Answer 8

light falls directly onto densest cluster of cones

Question 9

rods

Answer 9

detect black white and gray

Question 10

bipolar cells

Answer 10

from rods to cones light travels as neural signals to bipolar cells
activate ganglion cells

Question 11

ganglion cells

Answer 11

converge to form optic nerve

Question 12

blind spot

Answer 12

optic nerves form inside half of each eye cross over then project to the opposite half of the brain

Question 13

pinna

Answer 13

outer ear

Question 14

auditory canal

Answer 14

vibrations enter and go to the eardrum

Question 15

ossicles

Answer 15

transmit sounds from air to cochlea

Question 16

cochlea

Answer 16

coiled, bony fluid filled tube through which sound waves trigger neural impulses

Question 17

basilar membrane

Answer 17

moves with incoming soundwaves and is essential to hearing

Question 18

auditory nerve

Answer 18

nerve goes to thalamus

Question 19

thalamus

Answer 19

goes to temporal lobe

Question 20

optic nerve

Answer 20

ganglion cells converge to form this

Question 21

Optic chiasm

Answer 21

Optic nerves cross over and project to opposite half of brain.
(recall this was NOT severed in the split brain patients)

Question 22

Thalamus

Answer 22

From optic chiasm, information processed through here

Question 23

Occipital Lobe (Visual cortex)

Answer 23

From thalamus, information sent to occipital lobe

Question 24

Theories of Vision

Answer 24

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
and
Opponent-process theory (after images)

Question 25

Young- Helmholtz Trichromatic theory

Answer 25

How many primary colors? red green blue

What is the theory- Cones in eye are tuned to detect red green or blue light

Question 26

Opponent-process theory (after images)

Answer 26

Color is processed in opponent pairs

Question 27

sensory interaction (visual capture)

Answer 27

when you perceive conflict between/amongst sense, vision usually dominates.

Question 28

Eardrum

Answer 28

Separates outer ear from middle ear

Question 29

Oval window

Answer 29

Connective tissue at the end of middle ear and beginning of inner ear

Question 30

(inside the chochlea)
Organ of Corti

Answer 30

Allows for transduction of sound vibrations into neural signs

Question 31

(inside the basilar)
Membrane: hair cells

Answer 31

trigger impulses sent to auditory nerve

Question 32

Theories of Audition

Answer 32

Place theory
frequency-matching theory
volley principle
sound localization

(look at models)

Question 33

Place theory

Answer 33

links pitch to where cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
(see visual)

Question 34

Frequency-matching theory

Answer 34

rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of tone

Question 35

Volley principle

Answer 35

If a sound is too high (close to 20,000 Hz) or low (closer to 20 Hz)
Neurons work together and fire in stages at high or low frequencies

Question 36

Sound Localization

Answer 36

sound waves hit one ear sooner and more intensely than other allowing us to locate sources
(see visual)

Question 37

Nearsightedness

Answer 37

Occurs when shape of eye causes light rays to refract focusing in front of retina

Question 38

Farsightedness

Answer 38

Light aimed behind retina

Question 39

Color-Blindness
(three types)

Answer 39

1. red-green
2. blue-yellow
3. Complete colorblindness (monochromacy)

Question 40

Conductive hearing loss

Answer 40

Damage to mechanical system conducting sound waves to cochlea

Question 41

Conductive hearing loss

Answer 41

Damage to mechanical system conducting sound waves to cochlea

Question 42

Sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 42

damage to hair cells of cochlea