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Physical Diagnosis 1 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiological anisocoria?

A

Difference in muscle tone between right and left pupil
20%
One pupil larger than other and stays that way throughout dilation/contraction

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2
Q

Horners syndrome

A

Pupil of affected eye is smaller

Also have ptosis, anhidrosis

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3
Q

Argyll robertson pupils

A

Constrict only in response to accommodation

Do not constrict in response to light

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4
Q

What might you find argyll Robertson pupils in response to?

A

Syphilis, diabetics, alcoholics

ALWAYS PATHOLOGICAL

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5
Q

Adies pupil

A

Doesn’t constrict in response to light and accommodation

May constrict after a bit but sluggish
ALWAYS BENIGN

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6
Q

Is argyll Robertson pupils benign or pathological?

A

Pathological

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7
Q

Are adies pupil always benign or pathological?

A

Benign

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8
Q

Marcus Gunn pupil

A

Abnormal afferent pathways. Will dilate in response to light but poorly constricts.

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9
Q

What is Marcus Gunn pupil usually caused by?

A

Optic neuritis

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10
Q

What are the common cause of optic neuritis

A
  • demyelinating diseases
  • infections: TB, HIV, Lyme, Hep etc
  • sinus infections
  • drugs
  • radiator therapy
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11
Q

What is the red free filter used to detect?

A

Hemorrhages

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12
Q

What is the cobalt filter used to detect?

A

With flourescein dye to evaluate small lesions, corneal abrasions and foreign bodies

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13
Q

What is another word for near-sighted?

A

Myoptic

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14
Q

What is another name for far-sighted?

A

Hyperopic

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15
Q

What are a few of the things that you can evaluate the disc for?

A

Clarity of the outline, color, elevation and condition of vessels

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16
Q

Arcus cornealis

A

Opaque, grayish ring at the periphery of the cornea within the sclerocorneal junction
-common in the elderly

-from fatty granules or hyaline degeneration of lamellae and cells of the cornea

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17
Q

Hordeolum

A

Aka: style

Inflammation of the lash follicle

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18
Q

Chalazion

A

Plugged meibomian gland

Usually not tender

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19
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelids
Anterior: affects outer lid caused by bacteria and scalp dandruff
Posterior: affects inner lid caused by problems with oil/meibomian glands

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20
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Yellow, flat plaques that occur near inner canthus

Commonly occur in people with hyperlipidemia

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21
Q

Milia

A

Firm collection of oil/skin cells that get walled off. Not associated with a pore

22
Q

Ectropion

A

Outward turning of the eyelid

23
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Viral MC
Bacterial: yellow sticky pus
Allergies and mechanical irritation may cause

24
Q

Pinguecula

A

Abnormal growth on the eye

  • thickening lateral to the iris
  • does not interfere with sight
25
Q

Pterygium

A

Abnormal growth on the surface of the eye

  • may grow large enough to cover the iris and pupil
  • wedge growth lateral to the iris
26
Q

Coloboma

A

Anomaly with the iris

“Keyhole” shape

27
Q

Leukocoria

A

“White reflex”
Indicates that something is changing color of retina or something obstructing normal reflex

MC cause is congenital cataract
Retinoblastoma most serious causes

28
Q

Amblyopia

A

Anything that affects normal use of the eyes and visual development

3 major causes:

  1. Strabismus
  2. Unequal focus
  3. Cloudiness
29
Q

3 things that cause amblyopia

A
  1. Strabismus
  2. Unequal focus
  3. Cloudiness of of the eye tissues
30
Q

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDR)

A

MC form of diabetic
-20 years of diabetes almost 100% of Type 1 patients have some degree

Features: microaneurysm, cotton wool spots, exudates

31
Q

What are the main features seen in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A
  1. Cotton wool spots
  2. Microaneurysms
  3. Exudates
32
Q

Proliferation diabetic retinopathy (PDR)

A
  • growth of new vessels on the retina
  • loss of vision
  • neovascularization of the disc (NVD)
33
Q

Cotton wool spots

A

Small, yellowish areas in retina
-due to swelling of the retina due to impaired blood flow
-MC with high BP and diabetes
May become exudates

34
Q

Microaneurysms

A
  • earliest sign of diabetic retinopathy

- transition to hemorrhages

35
Q

Hemorrahages

A

Resemble ischemic retina

-usually cause damage and visual issues

36
Q

Exudates

A
  • accumulations of lipid and protein
  • bright reflective white lesions
  • represent increased vessel permeability and increased risk of edema
37
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy findings

A 
Cotton wool spots
Flame shaped hemorrhages
Macular edema
Disc edema
Cholesterol laid down into the tunica intima and medium that lead to hemorrhage and cotton wool spots
38
Q

AV ration

A

Arteriovenous ratio

3:5 to 2:3

39
Q

AV nicking

A

Cause of vascular sclerosis

Where vein and artery overlap

40
Q

MC cause of AV nicking

A

Prolonged systemic HTN

41
Q

Drusen bodies

A

Round yellow deposits that form under retina

Form in the periphery

42
Q

What are factors in formation of drusen bodies?

A

Atherosclerosis, amount of pigmentation, heredity, and exposure to sun

43
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased pressure within the eye due to obstruction of aqueous humor outflow

Causes “cupping” of optic disc

44
Q

What can glaucoma lead to?

A

Destruction of optic fibers and visual field deficit

45
Q

Retinal tears

A

Due to traction on retina by vitreous gel
Over time vitreous becomes thinner and separates from the retina —> posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) which cause “floaters”

46
Q

Floaters

A

Created as vitreous pulls free from the retina

-gel that cast shadows on the retina

47
Q

Retinal detachment

A

When sensory and pigmented layer separate

MC in middle-aged and elderly

48
Q

3 types of retinal detachments

A
  1. Break in sensory layer of retina and fluid seeps in causing separation
    Near-sighted more at risk
  2. Strands of vitreous scar tissue traction retina pulling it loose
    Diabetes most at risk
  3. Fluid collects under retina and cause it to separate
    In conjunction with another disease of the eye
49
Q

Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment

A
  • light flashes
  • “watery” vision
  • veil obstructing vision
  • many floaters
50
Q

Papilledema

A

Optic disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure

  • vision well preserved
  • bilateral and onset is between hours and weeks
51
Q

Signs and symptoms of papilledema

A

headache that is exacerbated with coughing/valsalva manouver

Nausea/vomiting

Physical Diagnosis 1 (1 decks)

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