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eyes Flashcards

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1
Q

eye

A

sensory organ of vision

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2
Q

eyelids

A

protect the eye from injury, strong light, and dust

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3
Q

palprebal fissure

A

the open space between the eye lids

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4
Q

conjuctiva

A

the exposed part of the eye has a transparent protective covering

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5
Q

palpebral conjuctiva

A

lines the lids and is clear with many small blood vessels. It forms a deep recess and then folds back over the eye

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6
Q

bulbar conjuctiva

A

overlays the eyeball with the white sclera showing through

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7
Q

limbus

A

the conjuctiva merges with the cornea

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8
Q

cornea

A

covers and protects the iris and pupil

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9
Q

eye is a….

A

sphere composed of 3 concentric coats

  1. the outer fibrous sclera
  2. the middle vascular choroid
  3. the inner nervous retina
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10
Q

retina

A

the visual receptive layer of the eye in which light waves are changed into nerve impulses.

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11
Q

ocular fundus

A

area of the retina visible through the ophthalmoscope

darken the room to help dilate the pupils
remove eyeglasses from yourself or the other person. they obstruct close movement
contacts can stay on.
select round large ophthalmoscope .
keep looking at the object– helps dilate the pupils and hold the retinal structures still…

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12
Q

lids

A

eyelashes
when lid closed, margins approximate
when lid opens, upper lid overs part of the iris

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13
Q

optic nerve

A

is the area in which fibers from the terrine converge to form the optic nerve

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14
Q

macula

A

the area of sharpest vision

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15
Q

snellen eye chart

A

position the person on a mark exactly 20 feet from the chart. leave glasses or contact lenses in plae
shield one eye at a time during the time.
ask the person to read through the chart to the smallest line of letters possible
record the results using the numeric fraction at the end of the last successful line read.
indicate whether any letters were missed and whether the corrective lenses were worn

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16
Q

normal vision

A

20/20 the top number indicates the distance the person is standing from the chart. the denominator gives the distance at which a normal eye can read a particular line.

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17
Q

myopia

A

for people older than 40 yrs old increase in reading difficulty, test near vision using a handheld vision screener with various size prints ( Jaeger card). how the card in good light about 35 cm from the eye. test each eye separately with glasses on. 14/14 is normal results

can clearly see close objects but distant objects are blurry
light rays focus IN FRONT of the retina
clear near vision
blurry distance vision
CAUSES: globe is too long or the cornea is too curved

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18
Q

confrontation test

A

position yourself at eye level with the direct patient and about 2 feet away. direct him or her to cover one eye with an opaque card and look straight at you with the other eye. hold your finger as a target midline between you and the other person and slowly advance it in from the periphery in several directions

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19
Q

diagnostic position test

A

leading the eyes through the 6 cardinal positions of gaze elicits any muscle weakness during movement. ask the person to hold the head steady and follow the movement of your finger only with the eyes. hold your fingers about 12 inches so the person can focus on it comfortably move it to each of the 6 positions. hold it momentarily then move it back to center. PROGRESS CLOCKWISE
NORMAL RESPONSE= PARALLEL TRACKING WITH BOTH EYES

cn III, IV, VI

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20
Q

nystagmus

A

occurs with disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis, or brain lesion

normal in newborns, abnormal in adults

a fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris.
mild- extreme lateral gaze is normal

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21
Q

eyebrows

A

present bilaterally
move symetrically as the facial expressions change
no scaling or lesions
cn VII

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22
Q

Eyelids and lashes

A

the upper lids normally overlap the superior part of the iris and approximate completely when closed.
the skin is intact without redness, swelling, discharge, or lesions

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23
Q

palpebral fissures

A

horizontal in non Asians, upward slant in Asians

eyelashes are evenly distributed

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24
Q

Eyeballs

A

aligned normally with no protrusion or sunken appearance

blacks- may normally have a slight protrusion of the eyeball beyond the supraorbital ridge

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25
conductive and sclera
ask the person to look up. using your thumbs, slide the lower lids down along the bony orbital rim. take care not to push against the eyeball. inspect the area. the eyeball looks moist and glossy. numerous small blood vessels normally show through the transparent conjuctiva. sclera- tough, protective white covering, continous ANTERIORLY with the cornea
26
choroid
darkly pigmented prevents light from reflecting internally heavily vascularized to deliver blood to retina. anteriorly is continuous with ciliary body and iris
27
cornea
covers the iris and the pupil part of refracting media of eye 2/3 refraction very sensitive to touch CN V carries AFFERENT SENSTAION TO THE BRAIN CN VII carries EFFERENT messages THAT STIMULATE BLINKS
28
sclera icterus
a yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea, indicating jaundice
29
ciliary body
middle layer | alters curvature of the lens
30
iris
contracts the pupil in bright light to accommodate for near vision
31
LEN
biconvex disc located just POSTERIOR to pupil it is transparent refracts to keep a view object in focus on the retina thickness is controlled by the ciliary body more SPHERICAL to focus on near objects FLATTENS FOR far objects
32
inspection of the cornea and lens
shine a light from the side across the cornea and check for smoothness and clarity should be NO opaqueness or cloudiness the cornea, the anterior chamber, or in the lens behind the pupil.
33
pupil
round CN III Parasympathetic constricts the pupil sympathetic dilates the pupil afferent cn II efferent cn III
34
inspection of the iris and pupil
the iris normally as a round, regular shape and even coloration normally the pupils appear round, regular, and of equal size. resting size 3-5 mm.
35
anisocoria
pupils of two different sizes
36
pupillary light reflex
darken the room and ask the person to gaze into the distance ( this dilates the pupils) Advance a light in from the side and note the response normally-- you will see 1. constriction of the pupil on the same side ( a direct light reflex) 2. simultaneous constriction of the other pupil ( a consensual light reflex)
37
accommodation
``` adaptation of eye for near vision ciliary muscles contract increase curvature of the lens pupils constrict lens cannot be observed directly tested by convergence and pupillary constriction ``` ask the person to focus on a distant object. this process dilates the pupils. then have the person shift the gaze to a near object such as your finger held 3 inches from the nose normal- pupillary constriction 2. convergence of the axes of the eye
38
optic disc
the most prominent landmark located on the nasal side of the retina color- creamy yellow- orange to pink shape-round or oval margins- distinct, sharply demarcated although the nasal edge may be slightly fuzzy cup to disc ratio- distinctness varies when visible, cup is a brighter yellow white than the rest of the disc. its width is not more than one half of the disc
39
red light reflex
``` caused from the reflection of light from the retina highly vascular reddish orange should be equal abnormal potential causes: 1. asymmetric refractive error 2. fundus lesions 3. cataracts 4. strabismus ```
40
cn VI
abducens nerver | lateral rectus msucle
41
CN IV
trochlear nerve | superior oblique muscle
42
CN III
oculomotor nerve innervates all the rest the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles
43
infants and children vision
to rest a newborns light perception using the blink reflex. neonates blink in response to bright light pupils constrict in response to light
44
testing for strabismus
cross eyes squint untreated strabismus can lead to permanent vision damage
45
corneal light reflex
shining light toward the child's eyes the light should be reflected at exactly the same spot in the two corneas HIRSCHBERG TEST: SHINE LIGHT TOWARDS EYES FROM 12 INCHES WHILE THEY STARE STRAIGHT AHEAD THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT SHOULD BE SEEN SAME " CLOCK LOCATION" IN EACH EYE
46
epicentral fold
an excess skinfold extending over the inner corner of the eye partly or totally overlapping the inner canthus
47
CN II
distance vision near vision peripheral vision extra ocular muscles
48
peripheral vision
``` confrontation cover the eye opposite yours position at eye level of tester about 2 feet away all tangents both eyes gross test assumes acuity of tester ```
49
Ishihara test
color blindness an inherited recessive x- linked trait affecting 8 % of white males 4 % of African American males RARE In females
50
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION | UNCOVER COVER TEST
Have patience stare straight ahead at distant object cover one eye with a card then uncover normal----- no moving abnormal----- eye wanders as the weaker eye tries to fixate
51
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION | DIAGNOSTIC POSITION TEST
6 cardinal positions of gaze testing CN III, IV, VI focus on objects 12 inches away coordination of movement and parallel
52
lacrimal apparatus
normally puncta drain tears into lacrimal sac presence of excessive tearing may indicate blockage of nasolacrimal duct check by pressing index finger against sac pressure will slightly evert lower lid
53
PERLLA
record normal response to all these maneuvers as PERLLA | pupils equal round reactive to light and accommodation
54
refraction
bending of light rays
55
errors of refraction
``` myopia hyperopia psbyopia astigmatism most people have one or more of them refractive errors can usually be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses ```
56
hyperopia
``` far sightedness difficulty focusing on small print light focuses behind the retina blurry vision up close clear when far away causes: globe too short cornea is too flat in relation to the length of the eye ```
57
presbyopia
lens stiffens with age becomes less flexible ability to focus on small print becomes difficult
58
astigmatism
when the cornea is shaped more like a football than a basketball causes distortion and blurry vision as light enters the eye
59
ptosis
drooping upper lid occurs from neuromuscular weakness ( myasthenia gravis) CN III damage sympathetic nerve damage gives the person a "sleepy" appearance and impairs vision
60
strabismus
classified by the direction that the wandering eye turns
61
esotropia
eye turns IN
62
exotropia
eye turns OUT
63
hypertropia
eye turns UP
64
hypotropia
eye turns DOWN
65
exophthalmus
protruding eyes forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures upper lid rests well above the limbus and white sclera is visible associated with thyroid disease
66
ectropion
the lower lid is loose and rolls out puncta cannot siphon tears effectively so excess tearing results eyes feel dry and itchy because tears do not drain correctly increase risk for inflammation
67
entropion
lower lid rolls in because of spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting constant rubbing of lashes may irritate the cornea the person feels a foreign body sensation rolls as result of spasm of lids or contraction of scar tissue
68
periorbital edema
``` lids are swollen or puffy lid tissue are loosely connected so excess fluid is easily apparent occurs with: 1. crying 2. CHF 3. renal failure 4. allergies 5. hypothyroidism ```
69
cataract formation
opacity of the lens, resulting from a clumping of proteins in lens
70
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure
71
macular degeneration
breakdown of cells in the macula | loss of central vision is most common cause of blindness

eyes (1 decks)

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