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eyes Flashcards

1
Q

eye

A

sensory organ of vision

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2
Q

eyelids

A

protect the eye from injury, strong light, and dust

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3
Q

palprebal fissure

A

the open space between the eye lids

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4
Q

conjuctiva

A

the exposed part of the eye has a transparent protective covering

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5
Q

palpebral conjuctiva

A

lines the lids and is clear with many small blood vessels. It forms a deep recess and then folds back over the eye

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6
Q

bulbar conjuctiva

A

overlays the eyeball with the white sclera showing through

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7
Q

limbus

A

the conjuctiva merges with the cornea

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8
Q

cornea

A

covers and protects the iris and pupil

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9
Q

eye is a….

A

sphere composed of 3 concentric coats

  1. the outer fibrous sclera
  2. the middle vascular choroid
  3. the inner nervous retina
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10
Q

retina

A

the visual receptive layer of the eye in which light waves are changed into nerve impulses.

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11
Q

ocular fundus

A

area of the retina visible through the ophthalmoscope

darken the room to help dilate the pupils
remove eyeglasses from yourself or the other person. they obstruct close movement
contacts can stay on.
select round large ophthalmoscope .
keep looking at the object– helps dilate the pupils and hold the retinal structures still…

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12
Q

lids

A

eyelashes
when lid closed, margins approximate
when lid opens, upper lid overs part of the iris

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13
Q

optic nerve

A

is the area in which fibers from the terrine converge to form the optic nerve

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14
Q

macula

A

the area of sharpest vision

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15
Q

snellen eye chart

A

position the person on a mark exactly 20 feet from the chart. leave glasses or contact lenses in plae
shield one eye at a time during the time.
ask the person to read through the chart to the smallest line of letters possible
record the results using the numeric fraction at the end of the last successful line read.
indicate whether any letters were missed and whether the corrective lenses were worn

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16
Q

normal vision

A

20/20 the top number indicates the distance the person is standing from the chart. the denominator gives the distance at which a normal eye can read a particular line.

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17
Q

myopia

A

for people older than 40 yrs old increase in reading difficulty, test near vision using a handheld vision screener with various size prints ( Jaeger card). how the card in good light about 35 cm from the eye. test each eye separately with glasses on. 14/14 is normal results

can clearly see close objects but distant objects are blurry
light rays focus IN FRONT of the retina
clear near vision
blurry distance vision
CAUSES: globe is too long or the cornea is too curved

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18
Q

confrontation test

A

position yourself at eye level with the direct patient and about 2 feet away. direct him or her to cover one eye with an opaque card and look straight at you with the other eye. hold your finger as a target midline between you and the other person and slowly advance it in from the periphery in several directions

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19
Q

diagnostic position test

A

leading the eyes through the 6 cardinal positions of gaze elicits any muscle weakness during movement. ask the person to hold the head steady and follow the movement of your finger only with the eyes. hold your fingers about 12 inches so the person can focus on it comfortably move it to each of the 6 positions. hold it momentarily then move it back to center. PROGRESS CLOCKWISE
NORMAL RESPONSE= PARALLEL TRACKING WITH BOTH EYES

cn III, IV, VI

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20
Q

nystagmus

A

occurs with disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis, or brain lesion

normal in newborns, abnormal in adults

a fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris.
mild- extreme lateral gaze is normal

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21
Q

eyebrows

A

present bilaterally
move symetrically as the facial expressions change
no scaling or lesions
cn VII

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22
Q

Eyelids and lashes

A

the upper lids normally overlap the superior part of the iris and approximate completely when closed.
the skin is intact without redness, swelling, discharge, or lesions

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23
Q

palpebral fissures

A

horizontal in non Asians, upward slant in Asians

eyelashes are evenly distributed

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24
Q

Eyeballs

A

aligned normally with no protrusion or sunken appearance

blacks- may normally have a slight protrusion of the eyeball beyond the supraorbital ridge

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25
Q

conductive and sclera

A

ask the person to look up. using your thumbs, slide the lower lids down along the bony orbital rim. take care not to push against the eyeball. inspect the area. the eyeball looks moist and glossy. numerous small blood vessels normally show through the transparent conjuctiva.

sclera- tough, protective white covering, continous ANTERIORLY with the cornea

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26
Q

choroid

A

darkly pigmented
prevents light from reflecting internally
heavily vascularized to deliver blood to retina.
anteriorly is continuous with ciliary body and iris

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27
Q

cornea

A

covers the iris and the pupil
part of refracting media of eye 2/3 refraction
very sensitive to touch
CN V carries AFFERENT SENSTAION TO THE BRAIN
CN VII carries EFFERENT messages THAT STIMULATE BLINKS

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28
Q

sclera icterus

A

a yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea, indicating jaundice

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29
Q

ciliary body

A

middle layer

alters curvature of the lens

30
Q

iris

A

contracts the pupil
in bright light
to accommodate for near vision

31
Q

LEN

A

biconvex disc located just POSTERIOR to pupil
it is transparent
refracts to keep a view object in focus on the retina
thickness is controlled by the ciliary body
more SPHERICAL to focus on near objects
FLATTENS FOR far objects

32
Q

inspection of the cornea and lens

A

shine a light from the side across the cornea and check for smoothness and clarity
should be NO opaqueness or cloudiness the cornea, the anterior chamber, or in the lens behind the pupil.

33
Q

pupil

A

round
CN III
Parasympathetic constricts the pupil
sympathetic dilates the pupil

afferent cn II
efferent cn III

34
Q

inspection of the iris and pupil

A

the iris normally as a round, regular shape and even coloration
normally the pupils appear round, regular, and of equal size.
resting size 3-5 mm.

35
Q

anisocoria

A

pupils of two different sizes

36
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

darken the room and ask the person to gaze into the distance ( this dilates the pupils)
Advance a light in from the side and note the response
normally– you will see 1. constriction of the pupil on the same side ( a direct light reflex)
2. simultaneous constriction of the other pupil ( a consensual light reflex)

37
Q

accommodation

A 
adaptation of eye for near vision
ciliary muscles contract
increase curvature of the lens
pupils constrict
lens cannot be observed directly
tested by convergence and pupillary constriction

ask the person to focus on a distant object. this process dilates the pupils. then have the person shift the gaze to a near object such as your finger held 3 inches from the nose

normal- pupillary constriction 2. convergence of the axes of the eye

38
Q

optic disc

A

the most prominent landmark
located on the nasal side of the retina
color- creamy yellow- orange to pink
shape-round or oval
margins- distinct, sharply demarcated although the nasal edge may be slightly fuzzy
cup to disc ratio- distinctness varies
when visible, cup is a brighter yellow white than the rest of the disc. its width is not more than one half of the disc

39
Q

red light reflex

A 
caused from the reflection of light from the retina
highly vascular
reddish orange
should be equal
abnormal potential causes: 
1. asymmetric refractive error
2. fundus lesions
3. cataracts
4. strabismus
40
Q

cn VI

A

abducens nerver

lateral rectus msucle

41
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve

superior oblique muscle

42
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor nerve
innervates all the rest
the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles

43
Q

infants and children vision

A

to rest a newborns light perception using the blink reflex.
neonates blink in response to bright light
pupils constrict in response to light

44
Q

testing for strabismus

A

cross eyes
squint
untreated strabismus can lead to permanent vision damage

45
Q

corneal light reflex

A

shining light toward the child’s eyes
the light should be reflected at exactly the same spot in the two corneas
HIRSCHBERG TEST: SHINE LIGHT TOWARDS EYES FROM 12 INCHES WHILE THEY STARE STRAIGHT AHEAD
THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT SHOULD BE SEEN SAME “ CLOCK LOCATION” IN EACH EYE

46
Q

epicentral fold

A

an excess skinfold extending over the inner corner of the eye partly or totally overlapping the inner canthus

47
Q

CN II

A

distance vision
near vision
peripheral vision
extra ocular muscles

48
Q

peripheral vision

A 
confrontation 
cover the eye opposite yours 
position at eye level of tester about 2 feet away
all tangents both eyes
gross test 
assumes acuity of tester
49
Q

Ishihara test

A

color blindness an inherited recessive x- linked trait affecting
8 % of white males
4 % of African American males
RARE In females

50
Q

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION

UNCOVER COVER TEST

A

Have patience stare straight ahead at distant object
cover one eye with a card
then uncover
normal—– no moving
abnormal—– eye wanders as the weaker eye tries to fixate

51
Q

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION

DIAGNOSTIC POSITION TEST

A

6 cardinal positions of gaze
testing CN III, IV, VI

focus on objects 12 inches away
coordination of movement and parallel

52
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

normally puncta drain tears into lacrimal sac
presence of excessive tearing may indicate blockage of nasolacrimal duct
check by pressing index finger against sac
pressure will slightly evert lower lid

53
Q

PERLLA

A

record normal response to all these maneuvers as PERLLA

pupils equal round reactive to light and accommodation

54
Q

refraction

A

bending of light rays

55
Q

errors of refraction

A 
myopia 
hyperopia 
psbyopia
astigmatism
most people have one or more of them
refractive errors can usually be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses
56
Q

hyperopia

A 
far sightedness
difficulty focusing on small print
light focuses behind the retina 
blurry vision up close
clear when far away
causes: globe too short
cornea is too flat in relation to the length of the eye
57
Q

presbyopia

A

lens stiffens with age
becomes less flexible
ability to focus on small print becomes difficult

58
Q

astigmatism

A

when the cornea is shaped more like a football than a basketball
causes distortion and blurry vision as light enters the eye

59
Q

ptosis

A

drooping upper lid
occurs from neuromuscular weakness ( myasthenia gravis)
CN III damage
sympathetic nerve damage
gives the person a “sleepy” appearance and impairs vision

60
Q

strabismus

A

classified by the direction that the wandering eye turns

61
Q

esotropia

A

eye turns IN

62
Q

exotropia

A

eye turns OUT

63
Q

hypertropia

A

eye turns UP

64
Q

hypotropia

A

eye turns DOWN

65
Q

exophthalmus

A

protruding eyes
forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures
upper lid rests well above the limbus and white sclera is visible
associated with thyroid disease

66
Q

ectropion

A

the lower lid is loose and rolls out
puncta cannot siphon tears effectively so excess tearing results
eyes feel dry and itchy because tears do not drain correctly

increase risk for inflammation

67
Q

entropion

A

lower lid rolls in because of spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting
constant rubbing of lashes may irritate the cornea
the person feels a foreign body sensation
rolls as result of spasm of lids or contraction of scar tissue

68
Q

periorbital edema

A 
lids are swollen or puffy
lid tissue are loosely connected so excess fluid is easily apparent
occurs with: 
1. crying
2. CHF
3. renal failure
4. allergies
5. hypothyroidism
69
Q

cataract formation

A

opacity of the lens, resulting from a clumping of proteins in lens

70
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure

71
Q

macular degeneration

A

breakdown of cells in the macula

loss of central vision is most common cause of blindness

eyes (1 decks)

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