Eyes!!

Question 1

Define proptosis.

Answer 1

Forward displacement of the eyes.

Question 2

What are the two clinical conditions that predispose to proptosis?

Answer 2

1. Grave’s disease.

2. Inflammatory conditions and neoplasms

Question 3

What is the mechanism in which Grave’s disease can cause proptosis?

Answer 3

Accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and fibrosis in rectus muscles.

Question 4

Define blepharitis.

Answer 4

Chronic inflammation at the eyelid margin due to obstruction of sebaceous gland drainage system.

Question 5

Define chalazion.

Answer 5

A granulomatous response resulting in a lipogranuloma.

Question 6

Define pinguecula, including location and appearance.

Answer 6

Small, yellowish submucosa elevation that does not invade the cornea.

Question 7

Define pterygium, including location and appearance.

Answer 7

Submucosal growth that migrates onto the cornea.

Question 8

What are the infectious causes of keratitis and corneal ulcers?

Answer 8

Herpes simplex and herpes zoster. Acanthamoeba.

Question 9

Define hypopyon.

Answer 9

Exudate and cells leaking from iris or ciliary body into the anterior chamber of the eye(s).

Question 10

Define cataract.

Answer 10

Lenticular (lens) opacities that may be congenital or acquired.

Question 11

What are the common clinical conditions and the most common drug associated with cataract development?

Answer 11

Clinical: diabetes, atopic dermatitis
Drug: corticosteroid

Question 12

What are the two changes seen in all forms of glaucoma?

Answer 12

Distinctive changes in the visual field and the cup of the optic nerve.

Question 13

What is the pathway of formation and drainage of aqueous humor?

Answer 13

Formed through ciliary body and passess through pupil to anterior chamber. Drains through trabeculae network.

Question 14

What is open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma with respect to aqueous humor flow?

Answer 14

Open-angle:
increased intraocular pressure due to increased resistance of outflow despite normal appearance and no blockage.

Angle-closure:
iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and physically impedes egress.

Question 15

Define retinal detachment.

Answer 15

Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. Rhegmatogenous (retinal break) v. non-rhegmatogenous (no retinal break).

Question 16

How are “cotton-wool spots” formed? What disorders are associated with it?

Answer 16

Occlusion of retinal arterioles leading to infarct of and cytoid body build-up in the nerve fiber layer. Hypertension and AIDS.

Question 17

What condition is retinopathy a common complication of?

Answer 17

Diabetes mellitus.

Question 18

What is proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathy with respect to appearance of neovasculature?

Answer 18

Proliferative: new vessels sprouting on the surface of optic nerve or the surface of retina (neovascularization)

Non-proliferative: spectrum of abnormalities of angiogenesis in the retina (intraretinal angiopathic changes).

Question 19

What are the risk factors predisposing central retinal artery occlusion. What is the common clinical findings?

Answer 19

Atherosclerosis, thrombosis.

Affected areas appear white (instead of red/orange), opaque retina, thin fovea

Question 20

What is the “typical” patient with age-related macular degeneration? What are several risks that exacerbate the process?

Answer 20

8% in individuals +75 years

Risks include:
genes, smoking, intense light exposure

Question 21

Define papilledema and the common ophthalmoscopic finding of papilledema.

Answer 21

Optic nerve edema caused by compression (unilateral) or elevated CSF fluid pressure (bilateral). Optic disc swelling.

Question 22

Define optic neuritis and correlate its occurrence with a common neurological disorder.

Answer 22

A loss of vision secondary to demyelination of the optic nerve commonly in multiple sclerosis.