Eyes!! Flashcards
Define proptosis.
Forward displacement of the eyes.
What are the two clinical conditions that predispose to proptosis?
- Grave’s disease.
2. Inflammatory conditions and neoplasms
What is the mechanism in which Grave’s disease can cause proptosis?
Accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and fibrosis in rectus muscles.
Define blepharitis.
Chronic inflammation at the eyelid margin due to obstruction of sebaceous gland drainage system.
Define chalazion.
A granulomatous response resulting in a lipogranuloma.
Define pinguecula, including location and appearance.
Small, yellowish submucosa elevation that does not invade the cornea.
Define pterygium, including location and appearance.
Submucosal growth that migrates onto the cornea.
What are the infectious causes of keratitis and corneal ulcers?
Herpes simplex and herpes zoster. Acanthamoeba.
Define hypopyon.
Exudate and cells leaking from iris or ciliary body into the anterior chamber of the eye(s).
Define cataract.
Lenticular (lens) opacities that may be congenital or acquired.
What are the common clinical conditions and the most common drug associated with cataract development?
Clinical: diabetes, atopic dermatitis
Drug: corticosteroid
What are the two changes seen in all forms of glaucoma?
Distinctive changes in the visual field and the cup of the optic nerve.
What is the pathway of formation and drainage of aqueous humor?
Formed through ciliary body and passess through pupil to anterior chamber. Drains through trabeculae network.
What is open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma with respect to aqueous humor flow?
Open-angle:
increased intraocular pressure due to increased resistance of outflow despite normal appearance and no blockage.
Angle-closure:
iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and physically impedes egress.
Define retinal detachment.
Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. Rhegmatogenous (retinal break) v. non-rhegmatogenous (no retinal break).
How are “cotton-wool spots” formed? What disorders are associated with it?
Occlusion of retinal arterioles leading to infarct of and cytoid body build-up in the nerve fiber layer. Hypertension and AIDS.
What condition is retinopathy a common complication of?
Diabetes mellitus.
What is proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathy with respect to appearance of neovasculature?
Proliferative: new vessels sprouting on the surface of optic nerve or the surface of retina (neovascularization)
Non-proliferative: spectrum of abnormalities of angiogenesis in the retina (intraretinal angiopathic changes).
What are the risk factors predisposing central retinal artery occlusion. What is the common clinical findings?
Atherosclerosis, thrombosis.
Affected areas appear white (instead of red/orange), opaque retina, thin fovea
What is the “typical” patient with age-related macular degeneration? What are several risks that exacerbate the process?
8% in individuals +75 years
Risks include:
genes, smoking, intense light exposure
Define papilledema and the common ophthalmoscopic finding of papilledema.
Optic nerve edema caused by compression (unilateral) or elevated CSF fluid pressure (bilateral). Optic disc swelling.
Define optic neuritis and correlate its occurrence with a common neurological disorder.
A loss of vision secondary to demyelination of the optic nerve commonly in multiple sclerosis.
