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Opthalmology > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Orientation of the orbital bases and apices

A

Bases: directed anterolaterally
Apices: directed posteriomedially

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2
Q 
The thickest layer of the cornea is
A. Collagen
B. Vitreous
C. Aqueous
D. Endothelial Cells
A

A

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3
Q

. A distinctly red spot on the white of the eye fades to brown after several weeks. The patient has no other symptoms. The long resolution time of the spot is due to which of the following:

A. Poor venous drainage of where the spot is
B. continuing trauma to vessels in conjunctiva/sclera
C. immobility of overlying structure
D. eyeball’s poor vascularity

A

A

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4
Q 
. What is the cranial nerve for pain in the eye?
A. CN II
B. CN III
C. CN V 
D. CN VII
A

C

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5
Q

What is the most vital consideration for the true ophthalmological emergencies?

A. Extreme eye pain
B. Development of something in cornea and lens
C. Extreme symptoms (excessive bleeding, referred pain)
D. Rapid permanent eye loss

A

D

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6
Q

The transparent mucuos membrane that lines the eyelids and the eye ball

A

Conjunctiva

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7
Q

Parts of the conjunctiva

A

Palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

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8
Q

Conjunctiva on the eyelids

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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9
Q

Conjunctiva on the eyeball

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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10
Q

The recesses formed by the lines of reflection of the palpebral conjunction onto the eyeball

A

Superior and inferior fornices

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11
Q

The gap between the eyelids

A

Palpebral fissure

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12
Q

The space bound by the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

A

Conjunctival sac

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13
Q

The dense bands of connective tissue that form the “skeleton” of the eyelids

A

Superior and inferior tarsi (singular = “tarsus”)

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14
Q

Which glands secrete lipids that lubricate the edges of the eyelids and prevents them from sticking together when they close?

A

Tarsal glands

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15
Q

Large sebaceous glands associated with the eyelashes

A

Ciliary glands

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16
Q

Junctions of the superior and inferior eyelids

A

Medial and lateral palpebral commissures

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17
Q

The angles of the eye

A

Medial and lateral canthi

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18
Q

Structure connecting the tarsi to the medial margin of the orbit

A

Medial palpebral ligament

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19
Q

Structure connecting the tarsi to the lateral margin of the orbit, but does not provide for direct muscle attachment

A

Lateral palpebral ligament

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20
Q

You asked a patient to look to his right. Which of the following do you expect to happen?

A. The medial rectus of his left eye contracts
B. The lateral rectus of his left eye contracts
C. The lateral rectus of his right eye relaxes
D. The medial rectus of his right eye contracts

A

A

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21
Q

Red eye, painless and non­blinding symptoms are associated with

A. Sclera
B. Conjuctiva
C. Cornea
D. Subconjunctival space

A

D

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22
Q

Large objects of similar size to a basketball are prevented from damaging the eyes when they hit the face by which of the following structures?

A. Orbital roof
B. Orbital floor
C. Orbital margin
D. Orbital apex

A

C

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23
Q

A patient enters a dark room. Which of the following changes in order to accommodate light?

A. Pupillary aperture
B. Orbital aperture
C. Palpebral aperture
D. None of the above

A

A

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24
Q

The tear film is created from the lacrimal gland and structures within this other structure:

A. medial canthus
B. eyelids
C. nasolacrimal gland
D. lacrimal sac

A

B

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25
Q

Cone receptors are used for

A. depth
B. distance
C. movement
D. shape

A

D

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26
Q

An upside down object forms what kind of image when it passes through the retina?

A. right side up, unmirrored
B. upside down, unmirrored
C. right side up, mirrored
D. upside down, unmirrored

A

C

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27
Q

What is the vein that drains the eyes?

A. Vortex
B. Central Ciliary Vein

A

A

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28
Q

Function of the tarsal plate

A. Attachment of SR
B. Position of lacrimal glands
C. Protects the eyeball
D. Attachment of Levator Palpebrae

A

D

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29
Q

Which is not a layer of the retina

A. Bowman’s Layer
B. External limiting layer
C. Photoreceptor layer
D. Ganglion cell layer

A

A

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30
Q

Area where the lacrimal sac is situated

A. Medial wall of the orbit
B. Frontal Bone
C. Ethmoidal Bone

A

B

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31
Q

Which of the following is involved in the sensory relay in vision?

A. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
B. Otic ganglion

A

A

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32
Q

What is the function of the eyelashes?

A. Protect cornea from excess sunlight
B. Sweep off dust in air in front of eyes
C. Protect eye from sweat from the forehead
D. Marks the posterior boundary of the eyelid

A

A

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33
Q

Which of the following situations DOES NOT seem to indicate a true opthalmologic emergency?

A. Sudden blindness in one eye, no other symptom noted
B. A lab accident involving unknown chemicals exploding and splattering all over the face of the patient
C. Acid thrown at the patient’s face by an assailant
D. Patient noticing that he is being blindsided frequently

A

D

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34
Q

Which structure divides the lacrimal gland into superior (orbital) and inferior (palpebral) parts?

A

Tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris

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35
Q

The accessory lacrimal glands are more numerous in the superior eyelid or inferior eyelid?

A

Superior eyelid

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36
Q

Nerve stimulation of production of lacrimal fluid

A

Paraympathetic impulses from CN VII

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37
Q

To where do the excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland open?

A

Lateral part of superior conjunctival fornix

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38
Q

When the cornea becomes dry, the eye blinks. T/F

A

T

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39
Q

DIrection of closing of the eyelids

A

Lateral to medial

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40
Q

The Optha ROD noted that the retina had a healthy yellowish color. He mentally took note that this probably meant an adequate blood supply to the retina. He recalled that the ganglion fiber layers of the retina are supplied by these vessels.

A. opthalmic artery
B. central retinal artery
C. ciliary arterial arcades
D. choriocapillaris

A

B

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41
Q

The optha ROD (resident on duty) then examined the patient’s OD using his opthalmoscope. Looking into the right eye, he observed a round structure from which vascular arcades were entering the lobe. What is this structure?

A. macula
B. optic disc
C. ora serrate
D. central retinal vein

A

B

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42
Q

If you ask the patient to look UP & LEFT (diagonally to the left), which muscle is acting on the LEFT eye?

A. IO
B. SO
C. SR
D. MR

A

C

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43
Q

The patient recalled that as he was hit in the OD, he saw a flash of light even though he was able to close his eyelid. Which of the ff. structures was stimulated producing the flash of light?

A. cornea
B. lens
C. vitreous
D. retina

A

D

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44
Q

Right after he was struck, the patient recalled experiencing a very sharp pain in a point below his
eye along the orbital ridge, which of the following
structures was most likely to be involved?

A. troclear nerve
B. oculomotor nerve
C. infraorbital nerve
D. optic nerve

A

C

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45
Q

Approximated diameter of the eyeball

A

25mm

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46
Q

All anatomical structures within the eyeball have a circular or spherical arrangement. T/F

A

T

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47
Q

The connective tissue layer that surrounds the eyeball to support it within the orbit

A

Fascial sheath of the eyeball (bulbar fascia or Tenon capsule)

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48
Q

This very loose connective tissue layer (a potential space) lies between the fascial sheath and the outer layer of the eyeball

A

Episcleral space

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49
Q

The fibrous layer of the eyeball

A

Sclera, cornea

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50
Q

The vascular layer of the eyeball

A

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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51
Q

The inner layer of the eyeball

A

Retina

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52
Q

Two main parts of the retina

A

Optic and non-optic

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53
Q

Function of the fibrous layer of the eyeball

A

Provides shape and resistance

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54
Q

The tough opaque part of the fibrous layer of the eyeball, covering the posterior five sixths of the eyeball

A

Sclera

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55
Q

Part of the eyeball that provided attachment for both the extraocular and the extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Sclera

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56
Q

The anterior part of the sclera is seen through which transparent structure?

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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57
Q

“White of the eye”

A

Sclera

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58
Q

Transparent part of the fibrous layer covering the anterior one sixth of the eyeball

A

Cornea

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59
Q

The convexity of the cornea is greater or less than that of the sclera?

A

Greater

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60
Q

The sclera and cornea have different collagen composition and degree of hydration. T/F

A

T

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61
Q

The sclera is completely avascular, while the cornea is relatively avascular. T/F

A

F

The sclera is RELATIVELY avascular, while the cornea is COMPLETELY avascular.

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62
Q

From where does the cornea get its nourishment?

A

From capillary beds around its periphery and fluids on its external and internal surfaces

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63
Q

Fluid on the external surface of the cornea

A

Lacrimal fluid

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64
Q

Fluid on the internal surface of the cornea

A

Aqueous humor

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65
Q

The lacrimal fluid provides the cornea oxygen absorbed from the air. T/F

A

T

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66
Q

Corneal innervation

A

Opthalmic nerve (V1)

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67
Q

The angle formed by the intersecting curvatures of sclera and cornea at the corneoscleral junction

A

Corneal limbus

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68
Q

How wide is the corneoscleral junction?

A

1 mm

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69
Q

Another name for the vascular layer of the eyeball

A

Uvea, or uveal tract

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70
Q

The vascular layer of the eyeball

A

Choroid, ciliary body, iris

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71
Q

The dark reddish brown layer between the sclera and the retina

A

Choroid

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72
Q

Largest part of the vascular layer of the eyeball

A

Choroid

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73
Q

Vascular part that lines most of the sclera

A

Choroid

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74
Q

The large vesssels of the choroid is located internally (near the sclera). T/F

A

They are located externally (near the sclera).

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75
Q

The finest vessels of the choroid

A

Capillary lamina of the choroid or choriocapillaris

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76
Q

Choriocapillaris is found in the innermost part of the choroid, adjacent to which structure?

A

Avascular light-sensitive layer of the retina

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77
Q

The choriocapillarios supply the retina with oxygen and nutrients. T/F

A

T

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78
Q

The choriocapillaris has the highest perfusion rate per gram of tissue of all vascular beds of the body. T/F

A

T

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79
Q

Layer responsible for “red eye” in flash photography

A

Choroid

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80
Q

The choroid attaches firmly to which structure?

A

Pigment layer of the retina

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81
Q

The pigment layer of the retina cannot be stripped from the sclera because it is firmly attached to the choroid. T/F

A

F

It is firmly attached to the choroid, but can be easily stripped form the sclera.

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82
Q

The choroid is continuous anteriorly with which structure?

A

Ciliary body

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83
Q

The ciliary body is posterior to the corneoscleral junction. T/F

A

T

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84
Q

The ciliary body is muscular and avascular. T/F

A

F

It is muscular and vascular.

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85
Q

Which structures does the ciliary body connect?

A

Choroid and iris

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86
Q

Which structure provides attachment for the lens?

A

Ciliary body

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87
Q

The contraction and relaxation of the muscle of the ciliary body controls what?

A

Thickness of the lens. Therefore, focus of the lens.

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88
Q

The folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body

A

Ciliary processes

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89
Q

What do the ciliary processes secrete?

A

Aqueous humor

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90
Q

Which structures secrete aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary processes

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91
Q

Which areas do the aqueous humor fill?

A

Anterior segment of the eyeball

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92
Q

Which structure lies on the anterior surface of the lens?

A

Iris

93
Q

The thin contractile diaphragm with a central aperture that transmits light

A

Iris

94
Q

Muscles that control the size of the pupil

A

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

95
Q

The sphincter pupillae is radially arranged, while the dilator pupillae is circularly arranged. T/F

A

F

The sphincter is circular, the dilator is radial.

96
Q

Parasympathetically stimulated involuntary muscle of the pupil

A

Sphincter pupillae

97
Q

Sympathetically stimulated involuntary muscle of the pupil

A

Dilator pupillae

98
Q

Muscle that increases size of pupil

A

Dilator pupillae

99
Q

Muscles that decrease size of pupil

A

Sphincter pupillae

100
Q

Sympathetic responses usually occur immediately, so the pupil immediately dilates. T/F

A

F

Sympathetic responses occur immediately, yet it may take up to 20 mins for the pupil to dilate.

101
Q

Paraympathetic responses are usually slower than sympathetic responses yet parasympathetically stimulated papillary constriction is normally instantaneous. T/F

A

T

102
Q

Part of the retina sensitive to light

A

Optic part

103
Q

Layers of the optic part of the retina

A

Neural and pigmented layers

104
Q

Light receptive layer of the optic part of the retina

A

Neural layer

105
Q

The pigmented layer helps reduce the scattering of the light in the eyeball. T/F

A

T

106
Q

The non-visual retina is the anterior continuation of what part of the retina?

A

Pigmented layer

107
Q

The non-visual retina extends over which structure anteriorly and which structure posteiorly?

A

Anteriorly: ciliary body
Posteriorly: iris

108
Q

Part of the retina over the ciliary body

A

Ciliary part of the retina

109
Q

Part of the retina over the iris

A

Iridial part of the retina

110
Q

Posterior part of the retina where light entering the eyeball focuses

A

Fundus of the eyeball (ocular fundus)

111
Q

The distinctive circular area of the retina where sensory fibers and vessels of the optic nerve enter the eyeball

A

Optic disc

112
Q

The optic disc has no photoreceptors. T/F

A

T

113
Q

The optic disc is sensitive to light. T/F

A

F

Because it has no photoreceptors.

114
Q

The blind spot of the retina

A

Optic disc

115
Q

When does the macula lutea appear yellow?

A

When the light used to examine the retina is red-free.

116
Q

Special photoreceptors on the macula lutea

A

Cones

117
Q

Depression at the center of the macula lutea

A

Fovea centralis

118
Q

The area for most acute vision

A

Fovea centralis

119
Q

Diameter of fovea centralis

A

1.5 mm approximately

120
Q

Center of the fovea centralis

A

Foveola

121
Q

The foveola does not have the capillary network visible elsewhere deep to the retina. T/F

A

T

122
Q

Where does the optic part of the retina terminate anteriorly?

A

Along the ora serrata

123
Q

The irregular posterior border of the ciliary body where the optic part of the retina terminates

A

Ora serrata

124
Q

The central artery of the retina is from which vessel?

A

Opthalmic artery

125
Q

The central artery supplies the cones and rods of the retina. T/F

A

F

It supplies the retina except for the cones and rods.

126
Q

From where do the cones and rods receive nutrients?

A

Choriocapillaris

127
Q

Venous drainage of the the retina

A

Central vein of the retina

128
Q

The primary refractory medium of the eyeball

A

Cornea

129
Q

The cornea focuses an inverted image on what light-sensitive part of the retina?

A

Optic fundus

130
Q

Boundaries of the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Anterior: cornea
Posterior: iris/pupil

131
Q

Boundaries of the posterior chamber of the eye

A

Anterior: iris/pupil
Posterior: lens and ciliary body

132
Q

Which structures do the aqueous humor nurish?

A

Cornea and lens

133
Q

After passing through the pupil in the anterior chamber, where does the aqueous humor drain?

A

Scleral venous sinus

134
Q

The aqueous humor is removed by the limbal plexus. T/F

A

T

135
Q

The lumbal plaxus is a network of scleral veins close to the limbus. T/F

A

T

136
Q

Into where does the limbal plexus drain?

A

Vorticose and anterior ciliary veins

137
Q

Where is the lens located?

A

Posterior to the iris and anterior to the vitreous humor of the vitreaous body

138
Q

The lens is biconcave. T/F

A

F

It is biconvex.

139
Q

What anchors the capsule of the lens to the ciliary process?

A

Zonular fibers

140
Q

The lens produces most refraction. T/F

A

F

It is the cornea that produces mos refraction.

141
Q

The lens fine-tunes the focus of near or distant objects on the retina. T/F

A

T

142
Q

What is the shape of the isolated unattached lens?

A

Almost spherical

143
Q

Which structure changes the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle of the ciliary body

144
Q

Without nerve stimulation, the diameter of the relaxed ciliary muscle is smaller. T/F

A

F

It is larger.

145
Q

Less convex lens brings more distant objects in focus. T/F

A

T

146
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the ciliary muscle?

A

Oculumotor nerve (CN III)

147
Q

Parasympathetic response of the ciliary muscle

A

Sphincter-like contraction, reducing tension on lens

148
Q

Relaxed lens is for near vision. T/F

A

T

149
Q

The active process of changing the shape of the lens for near vision

A

Accommodation

150
Q

The thickness of the lens increases with aging. T/F

A

T

151
Q

People over 40 have difficulty in near vision. T/F

A

T

152
Q

Functions of the virtreous humor

A

Transmits light, holds retina in place and supports lens

153
Q

Where is the vitreous body found?

A

Posterior to the lens

154
Q

Transparent jelly-like substance in the posterior four-fifths of the eyeball to the lens

A

Vitreous body

155
Q

The watery fluid in the vitreous body

A

Vitreous humor

156
Q

Other names for the posterior segment of the eyeball

A

Postremal or vitreous chamber

157
Q

Extraocular muscles of the orbit

A

Levator palpebral superioris, the four recti (superior, infereior, medial, lateral), two obliques (superior, inferior)

158
Q

Insertion of the levator palpebral superioris

A

Superior tarsus and skin of superior eyelid

159
Q

Levator palpebral superioris is antagonistic to which muscle?

A

Superior half of orbicularis oculi

160
Q

The drooping of the upper eyelid

A

Ptosis

161
Q

Action of the levator palpebral superioris

A

Elevates superior eyelid

162
Q

The origin of the four recti muscles

A

Common tendinous ring (annulus tendineus)

163
Q

Insertion of the four recti muscles

A

Sclera, just posterior to corneoscleral junction

164
Q

Actions of the superior rectus

A

Adduction, elevation, medial rotation of eyeball

165
Q

Actions of the inferior rectus

A

Adduction, depression, lateral rotation of eyeball

166
Q

Actions of the medial rectus

A

Adduction of the eyeball

167
Q

Actions of the lateral rectus

A

Abduction of the eyeball

168
Q

Muscles that adduct the eyeball

A

Superior, inferior, medial rectus muscles

169
Q

Origin of the superior oblique

A

Body of sphenoid

170
Q

The superior oblique is deep to what muscle?

A

Superior rectus

171
Q

Insertion of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Sclera

172
Q

Actions of the superior oblique

A

Abducts, depresses, medially rotates

173
Q

When does the IR and SR produce only depression and elevation, respectively?

A

When the line of gaze coincides with the plane of the IR and SR, i.e., when the eyeball is abducted by the LR

174
Q

Action of the superior oblique when acting alone

A

Medial rotation of the eyeball

175
Q

Insertion of the inferior oblique

A

Sclera, between lateral rectus and inferior rectus

176
Q

Action of the inferior oblique when acting alone

A

Lateral rotation of the eyeball

177
Q

Actions of the inferior oblique

A

Elevates, abducts, laterally rotates eyeball

178
Q

The only muscle to originate from the anterior part of the orbit, immediately lateral to the lacrimal fossa

A

Inferior oblique

179
Q

Primary lateral rotator of the eyeball

A

Inferior oblique

180
Q

Primary medial rotator of the eyeball

A

Superior oblique

181
Q

Which direction should a person’s gaze be directed to test the elevation and depression of the rectus muscles?

A

Lateral

182
Q

Which direction should a person’s gaze be directed to test the elevation and depression of the oblique muscles?

A

Medial

183
Q

No single muscle can act to elevate the pupil directly from the primary position. T/F

A

T

184
Q

No single muscle can act to depress the pupil directly from the primary position. T/F

A

T

185
Q

Muscles that depress the eyeball

A

SO, IR

186
Q

Muscles that elevate the eyeball

A

SR, IO

187
Q

Adductors of the eyeball

A

MR, SR, IR

188
Q

Abductors of the eyeball

A

SO, IO, LR

189
Q

Lateral rotators of the eyeball

A

IR, IO

190
Q

Medial rotators of the eyeball

A

SO, SR

191
Q

Muscles that act when gazing to the right

A

Left MR, right LR

192
Q

Muscles the act when gazing to the left

A

Right MR, left LR

193
Q

Why is the superior eyelid further elevated out of the line of vision when the gaze is directed superiorly?

A

Because the superior rectus and the levator palpebral superioris share the same muscles sheath

194
Q

The triangular expansions from the sheaths of the medial and lateral rectus ligaments

A

Medial and lateral check ligaments

195
Q

To which bones are the check ligaments attached?

A

Lacrimal and zygomatic

196
Q

Which actions do the check ligaments limit?

A

Adduction and abduction

197
Q

The hammock-like sling from the blending of the check ligaments with the fascia of the IR and IO

A

Suspensory ligaments of the eyeball

198
Q

The suspensory ligament of the eyeball is from the fascial sheath of which muscles?

A

IR, IO

199
Q

Which structures act against the posterior pull on the eyeball produced by the rectus muscles?

A

Check ligaments, obliques and retrobulbar fat

200
Q

CN II is part of the central nervous system. T/F

A

T

201
Q

Where do the optic nerves begin?

A

Lamina cribrosa of the sclera

202
Q

CN II exits the orbit via which structure?

A

Optic canal

203
Q

Nerves of the orbit and the eyeball

A

CN II, CN III, CN IV, CN VI

204
Q

Motor innervation of LR

A

CN VI

205
Q

Motor innervation of SO

A

CN IV

206
Q

Motor innervation of IO

A

CN III

207
Q

Motor innervation of MR

A

CN III

208
Q

Motor innervation of SR

A

CN III

209
Q

Motor innervation of IR

A

CN III

210
Q

Muscles innervated by CN IV

A

SO

211
Q

Muscles innervated by CN VI

A

LR

212
Q

Muscles innervated by CN III

A

IO, SR, IR, MR

213
Q

Motor innervation of levator palpebral superioris

A

CN III

214
Q

The oculomotor nerve divides into superior and inferior division. Which muscles are supplied by each division?

A

Superior: SR, levator palpebral superioris
Inferior: IR, MR, IO

215
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to ciliary body and iris?

A

Short ciliary nerves

216
Q

Short and long ciliary nerves are from which cranial nerve?

A

V1

217
Q

Which nerve carries postsynaptic sympathetic fibers to the dilator pupillae and afferent fibers from the iris and cornea?

A

Long ciliary nerves

218
Q

The blood supply of the orbit is mainly from which branch of the internal carotid artery and which branch of the external carotid?

A

Opthalmic artery, from internal carotid

Infra-orbita artery, from external carotid

219
Q

The central artery of the retina is from which artery?

A

Opthalmic artery

220
Q

Branches of the opthalmic artery that supply the choroid

A

Short posterior ciliary arteries

221
Q

Branches of the opthalmic artery that supply the ciliary plexus

A

Long posterior ciliary arteries and anterior ciliary arteries

222
Q

Venous drainage of the orbit

A

Superior and inferior opthalmic veins

223
Q

The central vein of the retina enter directly the cavernous sinus. T/F

A

T

224
Q

The vorticose veins drain into which vessel

A

Inferior opthalmic vein

225
Q

Vascular structure through which the aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation

A

Scleral venous sinus

226
Q
A
227
Q
A
228
Q
A

Opthalmology (7 decks)

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