Eyes

Question 1

What is located in the paramedian pontine reticular? aka the PPFR?

Answer 1

The center for lateral gaze

Question 2

How does the PPFR communicate with the ocular motor nuclei?

Answer 2

via the MLF

Question 3

Where is the center for vertical gaze located?

Answer 3

in a region just rostral to the oculomotor mucleus in the rostral midbrain

Question 4

When you turn your eyes to glance at a visual object without having a moving target to follow this is known as a

Answer 4

saccade

Question 5

What region initiates a saccade movement?

Answer 5

the frontal eye fields (part of the frontal cortex)

Question 6

Neurons from the frontal eye fields then project to the ______ ______ in the coicobulbar tract

Answer 6

ipsilateral superior colliculus

Question 7

In a saccade, where does the message relay to after the superior colliculus?

Answer 7

the contralateral PPFR

Question 8

What exclusively controls the lens? The sympathetic or parasympathetic system?

Answer 8

parasympathetic system

Question 9

What is the role of the pre-tectal area?

Answer 9

serves as the autonomic control center to coordinate the focusing of both lenses

Question 10

where are the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons located?

Answer 10

Edinger Westphal nuclei

Question 11

What happens when the cillary muscle contracts?

Answer 11

decreases the tension of the lens allowing it to relax to a more spherical shape, allowing us to focus on nearby objects

Question 12

The pre-tectal area also receives motor input from what?

Answer 12

the centers for convergence and divergence

Question 13

The parasympathetic axons travel with what cranial nerve?

Answer 13

oculomotor nerve

Question 14

What autonomic system(s) control the iris?

Answer 14

both the parasympathetic and sympathetic system

Question 15

Where do the autonomic fibers for control of the iris synapse?

Answer 15

Parasympathetic: pretectal nucleus
Sympathetic: the midbrain reticular formation

Question 16

What happens during parasympathetic activation of the iris?

Answer 16

contraction of the sphincter muscle and pupillary constriction

Question 17

Describe the sympathetic pathway for autonomic control of the iris

Answer 17

innervation of the superior cervical ganglion which then innervates the dilator muscles of the iris

Question 18

Where is the center for vertical and accommodation located

Answer 18

the midbrain

Question 19

Where is the center for horizontal gaze located?

Answer 19

the pons

Question 20

Where is the PPRF located?

Answer 20

just adjacent to the abducens nucleus in the pons

Question 21

If the left PPRF is activated, what direction will the eyes move?

Answer 21

to the left

Question 22

The MT cortex controls what kind of movement? where is the MT cortex found?

Answer 22

slow pursuit; temporal gyrus

Question 23

the frontal eye fields initiate what kind of movement?

Answer 23

saccadic movement; found in the frontal lobe

Question 24

The cuneus gyrus of the occipital lobe carry what information?

Answer 24

carries information from lower visual fields; in the parietal lobe

Question 25

What does the lingual gyrus carry?

Answer 25

information from the upper visual fields along myers loop; temporal lobe

Question 26

Damage to the R temporal lobe produces what visual symptoms?

Answer 26

“pie in the sky” on the left

Question 27

What role does the hypothalamus play in receiving retinal ganglion cell axons?

Answer 27

circadian rhythm-“sleep, wake rhythm”

Question 28

What do V3, V4, and V5 perceive?

Answer 28

color, form and movement

Question 29

damage to this visual field would still allow someone to see but not be able to recognize the forms

Answer 29

V3

Question 30

Damage to V4 produces what symptoms?

Answer 30

inability to recognize color

Question 31

Damage to this visual field causes “motion agnosia”

Answer 31

V5