Eyes 1&2

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

Adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature.

Question 2

Amsler Grid

Answer 2

A set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects on the central visual field.

Question 3

Anisocoria

Answer 3

Inequality of the diameter of the pupils; may be normal or congenital. Often normal if inequality is within 1 mm.

Question 4

Aphakia

Answer 4

Condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually due to surgical removal for cataract treatment.

Question 5

Aqueous Humor

Answer 5

Watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amounts of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. Circulates through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.

Question 6

Astigmatism

Answer 6

Abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.

Question 7

Cataracts

Answer 7

Opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging.

Question 8

Chalazion

Answer 8

Small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion.

Question 9

Choriod

Answer 9

Middle vascular tunic of eye lying between the retina and the sclera. Dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrate to optic nerve. Consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers.

Question 10

Ciliary Body

Answer 10

Thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid. Consist of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle.

Question 11

Cones

Answer 11

Photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods towards the periphery of the retina.

Question 12

Confrontation

Answer 12

Test for estimating peripheral vision.

Question 13

Conjunctiva

Answer 13

Mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids.

Question 14

Conjunctivitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye.

Question 15

Cornea

Answer 15

Clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface.

Question 16

Corneal Arcus

Answer 16

Opaque white ring about the corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age.

Question 17

Cotton Wool Spot

Answer 17

Ill-defined yellow areas due to infarction of the nerve layer of the retina.

Question 18

Depth Perception

Answer 18

Perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. Visual ability to judge depth or distance.

Question 19

Diabetic Retinopathy (Background)

Answer 19

Characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates.

Question 20

Diabetic Retinopathy (Proliferative)

Answer 20

Development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor.

Question 21

Diopter

Answer 21

Refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as unit of measurement in refraction.

Question 22

Diplopia

Answer 22

Condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects (double vision).

Question 23

Drusen

Answer 23

Tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head.

Question 24

Ectropion

Answer 24

Eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid.

Question 25

Episcleritis

Answer 25

Inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera located in front of the insertion of the rectus muscle.

Question 26

Entropion

Answer 26

Inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid.

Question 27

Exophthalmos

Answer 27

Increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward. May be unilateral or bilateral. Most common cause of bilateral is Grave’s disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected.

Question 28

Farsightedness

Answer 28

Error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina.

Question 29

Glaucoma

Answer 29

Disease of optic nerve wherin the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping appearance of the optic nerve. An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.

Question 30

Hemianopia

Answer 30

Blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes.

Question 31

Hordeolum (sty)

Answer 31

Suppurative inflammation of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

Question 32

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

Answer 32

Refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina.

Question 33

Hypertelorism

Answer 33

Eyes spaced widely apart.

Question 34

Hyphema

Answer 34

Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris.

Question 35

Iris

Answer 35

Colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil. By contraction and dilatation it regulates the entrance of light.

Question 36

Iritis

Answer 36

Inflammation of the iris.

Question 37

Legal Blindness

Answer 37

In the U.S., a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye.

Question 38

Macula (also known as fovea)

Answer 38

Site of central vision.

Question 39

Mydriasis

Answer 39

Pupillary dilation.

Question 40

Miosis

Answer 40

Abnormal contraction of pupils.

Question 41

Myopia (nearsightedness)

Answer 41

Condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina.

Question 42

Night Blindness

Answer 42

Decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A.

Question 43

Nystagmus

Answer 43

Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eye; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed.

Question 44

Papilledema

Answer 44

Edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is increased intracranial pressure.

Question 45

Peripheral Vision

Answer 45

Vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula.

Question 46

Pinguecula

Answer 46

Harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus.

Question 47

Presbyopia

Answer 47

Hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age.

Question 48

Ptereygium

Answer 48

Triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea.

Question 49

Ptosis

Answer 49

Drooping of one or both upper eyelids.

Question 50

Punctum

Answer 50

Tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct.

Question 51

Red Reflex

Answer 51

Response caused by light illuminating the retina.

Question 52

Refraction

Answer 52

The act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction of them by lenses.

Question 53

Retina

Answer 53

Sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve.

Question 54

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Answer 54

Chronic progressive disease, may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium.

Question 55

Retinoblastoma

Answer 55

Embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two years of life. Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil (Cat’s eye reflex).

Question 56

Rods

Answer 56

Photosensitive, outward-directed process of rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones.

Question 57

Sclera

Answer 57

Tough white fibrous tissue which covers the so-called white of the eye. Extends from the optic nerve to the cornea.

Question 58

Scleritis

Answer 58

Superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera.

Question 59

Strabismus

Answer 59

Condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however, either eye can focus independently.

Question 60

Uveitis

Answer 60

Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or the entire uvea.

Question 61

Vitreous Body

Answer 61

Transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor).

Question 62

Xanthelasma

Answer 62

Elevated plague commonly found on the nasal portion of the eyelid due to elevated cholesterol.