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Ophthalmology > Eyelids > Flashcards

Eyelids Flashcards

1
Q

Belpharospasm

A

squinting

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2
Q

Blepharitis

A

swelling of the eyelids

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3
Q

lagophthalmos

A

inability or incomplete blinking

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4
Q

where the upper and lower lids meet (nasal and lateral)

A

canthus

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5
Q

blinking upon stimulation of the face, particularly near the canthi

A

palpebral reflex

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6
Q

the region under the eyelid where the palpebral conjuctiva lines eyelid bends back to become bulbar conjunctiva (where foreign bodies get trapped)

A

fornix

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7
Q

excessive tearing

A

epiphora

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8
Q

Why might a patient have Lagophthalmos

A

1) Exophthalmos - physically cant get lid over eyelid
2) Nerve problems (ex: Facial nerve VI)

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9
Q

It can numb the eye during an eye surgery or procedure

A

Proparacaine

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10
Q

Epiphora

A

excessive tearing

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11
Q

swelling of eyelids

A

Blepharitis

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12
Q

What are the functions of eyelids

A

1) General ocular protection
2) Spread tear film, prevent evaporation
3) Clean debris from the eye and push tears down the nasolacrimal duct
4) Produce portions of tear film

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13
Q

What makes the lipid component of the tear film

A

meibomian glands

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14
Q

What makes the mucin component of tear film

A

conjunctiva

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15
Q

What makes the aqueous portion of the tears

A

lacrimal gland
70% lacrimal gland (above globe)
30% gland of the third eyelid

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16
Q

How much of the eyelid can you remove

A

remove up to 1/3 of the eyelid without having to perform specialized flap/ grafting surgery

upper lid form and function is more vital than the lower

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17
Q

Is the function of the upper lid or lower lid more vital

A

Upper lid (need to get good apposition during surgery)

lower lid, dont necessarily need to get perfect apposition

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18
Q

controls the muscles to the face, allows us to blink
provies parasympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal glands

A

CN VII

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19
Q

Facial Nerve Paralysis Clinical signs

A

1) patients will have lagophthalmos (absent palpebral reflex and menace) but intact facial sensation
-may learn to blink with Abducens (VI)

2) some may have keratoconjunctivitis sicca (neurogenic dry eye)

3) Drooping of face on affected side

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20
Q

How can a patient have facial nerve paralysis with normal tear production

A

depends on where the lesion is

parasympathetic branch of VII breaks off early and runs with CN V for majority of pathway

similarly, you can have neurogenic KCS with an intact palpebral

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21
Q

Patients with facial nerve paralysis may learn to blink with ___________

A

Abducens (CN VI)

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22
Q

T/F: you can see lagophthalmos without neurogenic dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)

A

True- parasympathetic branch of VII breaks off early and runs with CN V for majority of pathway

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23
Q

T/F: you can see neurogenic dry eye without lagopthalmos

A

true- just damage to the parasympathetic branch of CN VII - breaks off early

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24
Q

What test would you to do rule out neurogenic dry eye

A

Schirmer tear test

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25
Q

What would you expect the Schirmer tear test results to be in a dog with neurogenic dry eye from facial nerve paralysis

A

No tear production

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26
Q

In a dog with facial nerve paralysis characterized by neurogenic dry eye, what would you expect their nose to look like

A

completely dry nasal planam - split down the middle

Xeromycteria

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27
Q

Xeromycteria

A

deficient parasympathetic innervation of the lateral nasal gland
from facial nerve paralysis

results in completely dry nasal planum, split down the middle

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28
Q

Facial nerve paralysis is typically unilateral or bilateral

A

unilateral

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29
Q

What causes facial nerve paralysis

A

1) Idiopathic (likely only singular nerve)
2) Trauma
3) Neoplasia
4) Infectious (inner ear infection causing swelling and pressure on nerve)
5) Iatrogenic (surgery- TECABO)
6) Rarely- hypothyroidism &
nasopharyngeal polyps in cats

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30
Q

What is a potential consequence of Total Ear Canal Ablation and Bulla Osteotomy (TECA-BO)

A

facial nerve paralysis

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31
Q

What should you do to diagnose dermatitis of the eyelid skin

A

consider culture, cytology, aspirates, biopsy to obtain a diagnosis
1) Parasitic
2) Bacterial
3) Fungal
4) Immune mediated
5) Neoplastic

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32
Q

What is Immune Mediated Belpharitis

A

also called Staphylococcal Blepharitis
-inflammation targets meibomian glands
-bilateral: upper lids more often affected than lower
-severe thickening and dermal ulceration can develop
-Primarily immune mediated (although bacteria is a component)

Tx:
oral steroid - 1mg/kg/day and tapered slowly over weeks to months
oral antibiotic (cephalosporines for 1-2 weeks)

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33
Q

T/F: topical steroids and antibiotics are important in treating Immune Mediated Belpharitis

A

False- need oral steroid and oral antibiotic

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34
Q

What bacteria is associated with Immune Mediated Belpharitis

A

Staphylococcus
although majority of it is immune mediated (overproduction of bad staph or immune reaction to good staph)

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35
Q

In Immune Mediated Belpharitis, what does the inflammation target

A

meibomian glands

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36
Q

Immune Mediated Belpharitis, what eyelids are worse?

A

Upper lids

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37
Q

Immune Mediated Belpharitis is unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral (upper lids often more affected than lower)

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38
Q

What is seen with Immune Mediated Belpharitis

A

severe thickening and dermal ulceration can develop

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39
Q

normal hairs in contact with the corneal surface

A

Trichiasis

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40
Q

How do you treat Immune Mediated Belpharitis

A

1) Oral steroid started at 1mg/kg/day and tapered slowly over weeks to months
2) Oral antibiotic (cephalosporins for 1-2 weeks)
*Topical medications do not help *

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41
Q

What is a good oral antibiotic for Immune Mediated Belpharitis

A

cephalosporings 1-2 weeks

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42
Q

Trichiasis

A

normal hairs in contact with the corneal surface
can have variable impact on comfort
may lead to keratitis (vascular, pigmentary and/or fibrotic

treatment: lubrication, cryotherapy, belpharoplasty surgery

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43
Q

What might trichiasis lead to

A

keratitis (vascular, pigmentary and/or fibrotic)

can have variable impact on comfort

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44
Q

How do you treat trichiasis

A

1) lubrication
2) cryotherapy
3) blepharoplasty surgery to change conformation of how eyelids come together

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45
Q

Why are the meibomian glands a good surgical landmark

A

you do not want your suture close to them otherwise it is going to rub on the surface of the eye

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46
Q

What serves as a source of distichia

A

meibomian glands - they are modified hair follicles

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47
Q

T/F: meibomian glands are modified hair follicles

A

true - they serve as a source of distichia

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48
Q

Distichia

A

an eyelash that arises from an abnormal part of the eyelid.

grow straight up or down from the lid margins

most dogs with distichia are not clinical

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49
Q

T/F: not all dogs with distichia and trichiasis are clinical

A

true- some dogs arent bothered by it

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50
Q

T/F: ectopic cilia is subclinical

A

False- they are massively irritating

Most are very irritated and often have associated corneal ulceration

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51
Q

Where does ectopic cilia grow

A

grow through the palpebral conjunctiva pointing directly at the eye
-very irritating
-95% of these will be between 11 and 1 o’clock on dorsal lid
-most will be <1.5 years of age
-Most are very irritated and often have associated corneal ulceration

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52
Q

Most dogs with ectopic cilia will be ______ years of age

A

<1.5 years of age

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53
Q

What lid does ectopic cilia commonly occur on

A

-95% of these will be between 11 and 1 o’clock on dorsal lid

grow through the palpebral conjunctiva pointing directly at the eye

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54
Q

How do you treat distichia and ectopic cilia

A

1) Manual Epilation: they will grow back

2) Cryosurgery- can result in damage to lids/ meinomian glands

3) Radiofrequency epilation- requires an operating microscope - fries the hair follicles

4) Surgical excision- best option for ectopic cilia

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55
Q

What is the best treatment option for ectopic cilia

A

Surgical excision

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56
Q

What should you consider when doing manual epilation for distichia and ectopic cilia treatment

A

they will grow back

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57
Q

Radiofrequency Epilation

A

requires an operating microscope - fries the hair follicles - treatment of distichia and ectopic cilia
very well toleratio.

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58
Q

normal tissue in an abnormal location
can affect the eyelid, conjunctiva and.or cornea
developmental problem

requires surgical removal- be sure to remove all hair follicles

A

Dermoid

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59
Q

How do you treat a dermoid

A

surgical removal
-be sure to remove all hair follicles
-will not regrow

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60
Q

Where does dermoid typically develop

A

eyelid, conjunctiva, and/or cornea

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61
Q

Entropion

A

condition where the eyelid rolls in

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62
Q

With Entropion, typically the ___________ lid is affected

A

lower lateral lid

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63
Q

almost every bulldog has what kind of entropion

A

lower nasal canthal entropion

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64
Q

what breed commonly get entropion

A

bulldogs

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65
Q

What are the causes of entropion

A

1) Congenital/ Inherited - skin elasticity, muscle strength, eye position, etc.

2) Spastic (due to squinting e.g corneal ulcer) - squinting causing lid to roll over

3) Cicatrical

4) Fat loss/atrophy- especially in older cats - less support

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66
Q

How do you treat entropion causes by spastic/ squinting from pain (ie corneal ulcer)

A

proparacaine for pain

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67
Q

T/F: you should treat cats entropion due to weight loss with surgical methods

A

False - it will reoccur

68
Q

How do you treat entropion

A

1) Temporary tacking - vertical mattress sutures placed perpendicular to lid, place 3 (assume one will fail and a single suture wont hold the lid)

2) Hyaluronic acid lid filler injection- excellent for young dogs and all cats

3) Surgery (typically wait until fully grown)
-Hotz Celsus
-Wedge resection
-Stades (upper lid)

69
Q

How should you suture temporary tacking in entropion treatment

A

vertical mattress sutures placed perpendicular to lid, place 3 (assume one will fail and a single suture wont hold the lid)

70
Q

What is a good non-surgical method for entropion treatment

A

Hyaluronic acid lid filler injection- excellent for young dogs and all cats

71
Q

What entropion treatment is good for young dogs and cats

A

Hyaluronic acid lid filler injection- excellent for young dogs and all cats

72
Q

For entropion treatment, the Hotz Celsus and Wedge resection can be done on __________ eylids and the stades can be done on _______

A

Hotz Celsus and Wedge Resection: both lids

Stades: upper lid only

73
Q

Surgical approach for entropion where eyelid is narrowed down to prevent it from folding

A

Wedge resection

74
Q

Surgical approach for entropion where a huge amount of skin of the upperlid is taken out and kept open to allow granulation

A

Belpharoplasty- Stades

75
Q

Surgical approach for entropion where
a crescent-shaped piece of skin and the underlying orbicularis oculi muscle are excised, and the wound is then sutured

A

Hotz-celsus

76
Q

what is the result of ectropion

A

because the eyelid rolls out- leads to exposure, increased trapping and poor clearing of debirs

77
Q

What might cause ectropion

A

1) Breed related (large breeds)
2) cicatricial

78
Q

How do you treat ectropion

A

1) Wedge resection to remove redundant lid length
2) V to Y plasty

79
Q

Is entropion or ectropion more irritating

A

entropion

80
Q

What species is eyelid agenesis typically seen in

A

cats- congenital defect
-affects the dorsal lateral lid to varying degrees

81
Q

What eyelid is commonly affected by eyelid agenesis in cats

A

dorsal lateral lid

82
Q

How do you treat eyelid agenesis in cats

A

1) Lubricating drops

2) Cryotherapy

3) Robert-Bishner sx: eyelid skin from below is flipped up

4) Lip to Lid Blepharoplasty : lip margin skin is brought up

83
Q

Robert-Bishner surgery is for

A

eyelid agenesis in cats

procedure involves creating a rotating skin flap that includes the lip commissure to replace the missing eyelid

84
Q

What is the word for swollen eyelid

A

Blepharitis

85
Q

in patients with immune mediated blepharitis, what dose of steroids do you start them on?

A

immunosuppressive dosage
1mg/kg/day and tapered slowly over weeks to months

86
Q

what part of the tear film is produced by the meibomian glands

A

lipid layer

87
Q

what part of the tear film is produced by the conjunctival goblet cells

A

mucins

88
Q

what part of the tear film is produced by the lacrimal gland and gland of third eyelid

A

aqueous

89
Q

What examination technique can you use to distinguish cataract from lenticular sclerosis

A

Transillumination

-also fundic exam (cataracts = you cant see the fundus)

90
Q

What drug do we use to dilate the eye for a fundic exam

A

Tropicamide (lasts 2-3 hours)

91
Q

You should not use tropicamide if

A

-Risk of glaucoma
-Risk of lens luxation

-4th years (if there are vision or PLR abnormalities)

92
Q

What are the 4 classifications of cataracts

A

1) Incipient (localized)
2) Immature (15-90+%)
3) Mature (>90%)
4) Hypermature (sometimes the lesion will dissolve)

93
Q

What are 5 possible causes for facial nerve paralysis

A

1) Idiopathic
2) Trauma
3) Neoplasia
4) Infectious (inner ear infection causing swelling and pressure on the nerve)
5) Iatrogenic (surgery- TECABO)
rarely- hypoT4 and nasopharyngeal polyps in cats

94
Q

What rarely causes facial nerve paralysis

A

hypoT4 (dogs) nasopharyngeal polyps (cats)

95
Q

What are common canine eyelid masses

A

1) Meibomian gland adenoma (most common)
2) Papilloma
3) Melanoma / Melanocytoma
4) Mast cell tumor
5) SCC

96
Q

irregular, papilloma like projections from/near a meibomian gland

A

Meibomian gland adenoma

97
Q

Meibomian gland adenoma

A

irregular, papilloma like projections from/near a meibomian gland

eyelid may be swollen, often insipissated

upper or lower lid (patient may have more than one location)
slow growth
can ulcerate and bleed
irritating if it rubs cornea
does not metastasize, but can be locally invasive

98
Q

What is the most common canine eyelid mass

A

Meibomian gland adenoma

99
Q

do you need to be concerned about eyelid mast cell tumor

A

no- most are more benign
excise the mass, shouldnt recur

100
Q

T/F: Meibomian gland adenomas grow quickly

A

false- they grow slow

101
Q

What is a consequence of Meibomian gland adenoma

A

-can ulcerate and bleed
-eyelid can be swollen, often inspissated
-irritating as it rubs the cornea
-doesnt metastasize

102
Q

T/F: Meibomian gland adenoma can metastasize

A

False- they are just locally invasive

103
Q

What looks similar to Meibomian gland adenoma

A

papilloma
-same treatment options
-same benign behavior

104
Q

T/F: papillomas of the eyelid are just locally invasive and do not metastasize

A

Trie

105
Q

Eyelid melanoma / melanocytomas are common in what dog breeds

A

Vizsla, Weimaraner and dogs with a liver coat color

106
Q

Eyelid melanoma / melanocytomas are benign or malignant?

A

Benign (as long as its on the lid margin

Can be malignant if it’s developing from the conjunctiva or dermis

107
Q

Eyelid melanoma / melanocytomas can be malignant if

A

they develop from the conjunctiva or dermis

otherwise they are benign if it acts on lid margin

108
Q

How do you treat meibomian gland adenoma, eyelid papillomas, and eyelid melanoma / melanocytomas

A

1) Debulk with crytosurgery
-most common tx for meibomian gland adema
can be done awake with/without light sedation
-local anesthesia

2) Wedge resection- good option after regrowth or for larger or more ingrained tumors

109
Q

How do you treat meibomian gland adenoma

A

1) Debulk with crytosurgery
-most common tx for meibomian gland adema
can be done awake with/without light sedation
-local anesthesia

2) Wedge resection- good option after regrowth or for larger or more ingrained tumors

110
Q

How do you treat eyelid papilloma

A

1) Debulk with crytosurgery
-most common tx for meibomian gland adema
can be done awake with/without light sedation
-local anesthesia

2) Wedge resection- good option after regrowth or for larger or more ingrained tumors

111
Q

How do you treat eyelid melanoma / melanocytomas

A

1) Debulk with crytosurgery
-most common tx for meibomian gland adema
can be done awake with/without light sedation
-local anesthesia

2) Wedge resection- good option after regrowth or for larger or more ingrained tumors

112
Q

What are comon feline eyelid masses

A

1) SCC
2) Fibrosarcoma
3) MCT
4) Lymphoma (primary and secondary)
5) Basal cell carcinoma
6) Apocrine Hydrocystoma

*tend to be more malignant/locally invasive

113
Q

T/F: eyelid masses tend to be more malignant/locally invasive in cats

A

True

114
Q

How should you address feline eyelid masses

A

take a biopsy and then proceed

115
Q

What are common equine eyelid masses

A

1) SCC (appaloosa, paint, draft)
2) Sarcoid
3) Melanoma
4) Fibrosarcoma
5) Lymphoma (secondary)

116
Q

What breeds of horse commonly get eyelid SCC

A

appaloosa, paint, draft

117
Q

fibroblastic cutaneous tumors that can occur on the equine eyelid
metastasis is rare but is locally invasive

A

Sarcoid

118
Q

Do eyelid sarcoids typically metasize?

A

Not typically

metastasis is rare but is locally invasive

119
Q

How do you treat equine eyelid sarcoid

A

High risk of recurrence
-Surgery
-Immunotherapy
-Radiation
-Cryotherapy

most methods directed towards triggering immune response to attack the equine sarcoids, needs multiple injections

120
Q

Equine eyelid sarcoid typically occur in what horses

A

Younger horses (3-6 years)
Appaloosa, QH, Arabians

lower risk: standardbreds

121
Q

Wht is the most common eyelid neoplasia in bovines

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (cancer eye)

122
Q

Eyelid Neoplasia (bovine)

A

-Typically squamous cell carcinoma
-huge economic loss
-75% limbal
-25% eyelid and third eyelid
-starts with thickening of eyelid skin
-progresses to proliferative mass
-will metastasize later in life

123
Q

T/FL eyelid squamous cell carcinoma in cattle will metastasize

A

yes will eventually later in life

solar damage (actinic change) starts with thickening of eyelid skin
progresses to proliferative mass

124
Q

Eyelid neoplasia in bovines typically affect what cows?

A

typically older animals
female predisposition
Bos taurus (especially hereford) > Bos indicus

lack of periocular pigmentation

UV exposure

Nutritional status High > Low

125
Q

What factors predipose cows to getting eyelid squamous cell carcinoma

A

1) Older
2) Female
3) Breed: Bos taurus (especially hereford)
4) Lack of periocular pigmentation
5) UV exposure
6) Nutrtional status (high > Low)

126
Q

What is the most common eyelid mass in feline, equine, and bovine species

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

127
Q

SCC of the eyelid typically develops on

A

exposed surfaces
-lower eyelid, third eyelid, lateral limbus

128
Q

How do you treat SCC in cats, horses, and cattle

A

-Surgery
-Radiation
-Cryotherapy
-Immunotherapy
-Intralesional Chemotherapy
-Photodynamic therapy: material absorbed and light applied

129
Q

How do you treat a wedge resection for removing a tumor or an eyelid laceration

A

1) Debride (if needed) to freshen edges
2) 2-layer closure for lacerations
SQ (using 4-0 or 6-0 absorbable braided suture) : be sure no knots are exposed to conjuctival side
Skin: careful alignment of margin (use 4-0 to 5-0 Nylon suture) simple interrupted or cruciates to close remainder of incision
direct suture tags away from eye
3) Identification, canulation of NL systemi if necessary
4) Systemic topical antibitoics
5) Systemic anti-inflammatories

130
Q

How do you close an eyelid laceration or wedge resection for mass removal?

A

2-layer closure for lacerations

1) SQ (using 4-0 or 6-0 absorbable braided suture) : be sure no knots are exposed to conjunctival side

2) Skin: careful alignment of margin (use 4-0 to 5-0 Nylon suture) simple interrupted or cruciates to close remainder of incision
direct suture tags away from eye

131
Q

How should you place your suture for lid margin repair

A

figure-8 (similar to cruciate)
take a bite into the skin and out SQ then cut across and up to lid margins
second bite is taken coming out anterior to meibomian glands
third bite on other site
fourth bite down

symmetry is very important, bites needs to be even

132
Q

when doing lid margin repair, bites should be take ________ to the meibomian glands

A

anterior

133
Q

What are the 7 causes third eyelid elevation

A

1) Enopthalmos
2) Exopthalmos
3) Decreased eye size
4) Orbital (retrobulbar) mass
5) Deformity of orbit
6) Idiopathic- Haw’s syndrome in cats (bilateral) - evaluate for intestinal parasites
7) Horner’s syndrome

134
Q

Haw’s syndrome

A

in cats that causes the third eyelid, also known as the nictitating membrane, to elevate in both eyes

evaluate for gastrointestinal diseases

135
Q

follicular conjunctivitis

A

occurs in young dogs (<1.5years)
typically self limiting
occurs as the immune system figures out the local environment
if there is irritation or significant discharge: treat with NeoPolyDex TID

136
Q

You should only treat follicular conjunctivitis if

A

there is irritation of significant discharge

treat with NeoPolyDexTID

137
Q

How do you treat follicular conjunctivitis if there is irritation and signficiant discharge

A

NeoPolyDex TID

138
Q

T/F: dogs dont get infectious conjunctivitis unlike cats and humans

A
139
Q

Follicular conjunctivitis occurs as

A

the immune sustem is figuring out the local environment

typically in young dogs <1.5 years

140
Q

Atypical pannus is also called

A

Plasmoma of third eye lit

141
Q

Plasmoma (Atypical Pannus) occurs in what breeds

A

shepherd breeds
grey hounds

142
Q

dogs with Plasmoma (Atypical Pannus) of the third eyelid may or may not have

A

concurrent “typical” pannus affecting the cornea

143
Q

How do you treat Plasmoma (Atypical Pannus)

A

if itchy = topical steroid or cyclosporine if itchy

144
Q

Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid is often unilateral or bilateral

A

bilateral, but there may be a delay between eyes

144
Q

T/F: Plasmoma (Atypical Pannus) is harder to treat than corneal pannus but rarely bothers the patient

A

True

144
Q

Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid typically occurs in what dogs

A

young brachycephalic dogs
-but any breed can develop these

145
Q

Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid is also called

A

“Cherry eye”

146
Q

How do you treat Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid

A

-If minor, with little exposure or inflammation (pink) can be left alone
Bulldogs will likely need to go to surgery

-Replace them surgically if red/irritated (Morgan Pocket Technique)

Do not cut them out -> dry eye

147
Q

cutting out the Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid should only be done

A

if its a last resort, still no corrections
Dont cut them out!

148
Q

The Morgan Pocket Technique is for

A

Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid

149
Q

What is the Morgan Pocket Technique

A

a surgery for fixing a Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid.

1) make parallel (not connected incisions above and below the gland, give yourself room to suture
2) Dissect a “pocket” under the globe through the proximal most incision
3) Tie a suture knot on the anterior surface of the 3rd eyelid and pass the suture through the third eyelid avoid knot rubbing (small suture 5-0 or 6-0)
4) Suture the proximal part of the proximal incision to the distal part of the distal incision in two layers
-Simple continuous first
-horizontal mattress second
5) Pass the suture back thorugh the third eyelid and tie off on the original knot

150
Q

What is scrolled cartilage of the third eyelid

A

occurs younger giant breeds
can be the vertical or horizontal part of the T cartilage
look for the leading edge to distinguish from cartilage

tx:
removal of bent cartilage
thermocautery (heating) of the cartilage to bend it back into place
both treatment options carry risk leading to cherry eye

151
Q

How do you treat scrolled cartilage of the third eyelid

A

1) Removal of Bent Cartilage * then morgan pocket
2) thermocautery (heating) of the cartilage to bend it back into place

both treatment options carry risk leading to cherry eye (do morgan pocket to prevent)

152
Q

Removal of scrolled cartilage and thermocautery can potentially lead to

A

cherry eye

153
Q

scrolled cartilage of the third eyelid typically occurs in

A

younger giant breeds

154
Q

What neoplasias occur on the third eyelid

A

1) SCC
2) Hemangioma (conjunctival- can also develop on the lateral bulbar conjunctiva)
3) Adenoma of the gland of the third eyelid
4) Lymphoma

tx: surgical excision is often curative for all these as long as you get good margins

155
Q

How do you treat neoplasms of the third eyelid

A

surgical excision is often curative for all these as long as you get good margins

156
Q

What is a normal Schirmer Tear test result

A

15 mm in 1 minute

157
Q

Should you do a schirmer tear test in cats?

A

NO

158
Q

a patient presents with a history of a thickened irregular third eyelid.
the dog is not irritated by it. What is the diagnosis

A

atypical pannus

159
Q

What are the 4 uses for a florescein in the ophthalmic exam

A

1) Evaluate for corneal ulcerations
2) Evaluate health of tear film
3) Jones Test
4) Seidels Test

160
Q

diagnostic procedure that detects leakage of aqueous humor from the eye’s anterior chamber through cornea

A

Siedels Test

161
Q

What ocular muscles are controlled by CN VI

A

Lateral rectus
Retractor bulbi

162
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for Horner’s Syndrome

A

None- it is loss of sympathetic tone

163
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal nerve block

A

block sensation to the upper lid and cornea

164
Q

What is the purpose of the auriculopalpebral block

A

block motor to the upper eye lid

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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