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Microbiology > Eye & Skin Infections > Flashcards

Eye & Skin Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Viral conjunctivitis

A
  • Redness in the eye

- May have some pus

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2
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Has more pus, compared to viral conjunctivitis

- Sometimes might glue eyelids shut

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3
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

- Pus production: bacterial > viral

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4
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the lid margins due to infection or trauma

- mild

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5
Q

Stye

A

Infected eyelid glands + follicles

  • Extremely painful
  • Cold/hot compress; Polysporin eyedrops containing antimicrobials
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6
Q

What bacteria often infects the eyelids?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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7
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

Pus forms under the conjunctiva membrane

  • Pus increases overtime
  • May cause blindness
  • Must use sterile cleaning solutions
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8
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The thin layer of mucous membrane lining the eyelids + covering the surface of the eye.
- Very susceptible to infection because it creates a warm, moist environment ideal for microbial growth

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9
Q

Mechanical barrier of eye

A

Eyelid

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10
Q

Chemical barrier(s) of the eye

A

Tears with lysozyme + IgA

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11
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

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12
Q

Normal flora on skin

A

1: Staphylococcus epidermidis (opp.)

  • Diptheroids: Corynebacterium sp. (aerobic; surface); Propionibacterium sp. (anaerobic; follicles + glands)
  • Some yeast
  • Mostly Gram (+) microorganisms
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13
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Sheets of epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane that lines body cavities.

  • Has fairly acidic pH, which normal flora like to live in
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14
Q

What are barriers to microbial growth on the skin?

A

Physical: dry, high salt, sebum
Chemical: Lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides

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15
Q

Normal flora on conjunctival surface

A
  • Micrococcus (ex. S. epidermidis)
  • Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
  • Diphtheroids (ex. Corynebacterium sp.)
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16
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Serotypes A-C cause “trachoma”

  • Usually found in tropical environments
  • Transmitted by flies
  • Leads to blindness
  • Multiple infections causes functional blindness

Serotypes D-K, LGV cause “inclusion conjunctivitis”
- When eye is infected by genital chlamydia

17
Q

Opathalmia neonatorum

A

Gonorrhea in the newborn eye (Vertical T.)
- Can cause blindness + system infection (if spread to vascular sys. =death)
Prevention: antimicrobial drops

18
Q

Name the different type of skin lesions

A

Vesicle: <1 cm
Bulla: >1 cm
Macule: flat red rash, fairly small
Pustule (papule): deep in the skin; very painful

19
Q

Staphyloccocus sp.

A
  • Gram (+) cocci in CLUSTERS
  • Non-motile, non-spore forming, +/- capsules
  • S. aureus, epidermidis, saphrophyticus
20
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram (+) cocci

  • Produces coagulase, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Yellow/golden colonies in BAP
  • Superbugs: MSSA or MRSA
  • Virulence factors: Coagulase, Adhesion molecules, Membrane damaging toxins, Protein A, DNase, Capsule
21
Q

Impetigo

A

Infection of the epidermal layer

  • Caused by staphylococci + streptococci
  • Often in newborns + young children
  • Treatment: remove crusts, washing lesions, apply topical ABs, oral ABs if infection spreads
22
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

A

Caused by S. aureus (TSST-1 superantigen; #1) and S. pyogenes (GAS)

  • Initially associated with tampon use, but nowadays is due to surgery + IV drug users
  • Treatment: IV ABs (oxacillin, unless MRSA)
23
Q

Scaled Skin Syndrome (SSS)

A
  • Neonatal or secondary to TSS
  • Exofoliative toxin in S. aureus attacks epidermal cell junctions, causing skin to loosen
  • Redness in skin
  • Begins as skin lesions, then spreads
  • Treatment: IV ABs
24
Q

Streptococcus sp.

A
  • Gram (+) cocci in CHAINS

- Alpha, Beta, Gamma groups based on hemolytic reactions in BAP

25
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)

A
  • Group A streptococci (GAS)
  • Beta-hemolytic
  • Has M-protein in cell wall, which evades phagocytosis + attachment to target tissues
  • Causes pharyngitis, tonsillitus, impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, “childbed fever”, necrotizing fasciitis
  • Post-infectious complications: Acute glomerulonephritis; Rheumatic fever
  • Toxins: Spe, Erythrogenic
  • Enzymes: Protease, Streptokinase, Deoxyribonucleases, Hyaluronidase
26
Q

Describe the toxins and enzymes associated with GAS.

A
  • Spe toxin: massive tissue damage + inflammation (necro. faciitis); superantigen
  • Erythrogenic toxin: rash of Scarlet fever; superantigen
  • Protease: IgA
  • Deoxyribonucleases: DNA
  • Hyaluronidase: CT
  • Streptokinase: dissolves blood clots (fibrin)
27
Q

Erysipelas

A

Infection of dermal layer of skin

  • Can begin as pharyngitis and progress to septicemia + death
  • Treatment: ABs
28
Q

Streptococcal Impetigo

A

Infection of epidermal layer

  • Often in newborns + young children
  • Treatment: remove crusts, wash lesions, apply topical ABs or oral ABs if infection spreads
29
Q

Necrotizing faciitis (flesh eating disease)

A
  • Caused by S. pyogenes
  • Transmitted by direct contact
  • Main symptom: disproportionate pain to injury
  • Bacteria invades deep and destroys fascia, liquifies tissue as it progresses
  • Rapidly progressive, require quick diagnosis and treatment (debridement of necrotic tissue, ABs)
  • Mortality >40%, even with timely treatment
30
Q

HPV

A

Human Papillomavirus

- Warts

31
Q

How many viruses in Herpesvirus group are human pathogens?

A

8

- HSV-1 (cold sores) & HSV-2 (genital) are Herpes “simplex” virus

32
Q

HSV-1

A
  • Mostly children infected
  • Transmitted via oral route or direct contact
  • Causes cold sores
  • Remains latent in trigeminal n. ganglia, and flares up w/ stress
33
Q

Herpes gladitorium

A
  • Transmitted by direct contact
  • Found on the body
  • Common in wrestlers
34
Q

Herpes whitlow

A
  • Occupational hazard of healthcare workers

- Accidental contact with cold sore of an infected patient

35
Q

Measles

A

Systemic disease characterized with maculopapular rash

  • Caused by rubeola virus
  • One serotype, no latent/persistence
  • Complications w/ secondary bacterial infections: S. aureus pneumonia + ear infections, Blindness in children w/ Vit. A deficiency, SSPE (type of encephalitis)
  • Symptoms: begin as respiratory, then progresses to fever, malaise, anorexia, conjunctivitis, photophobia, myalgia
  • Koplik’s spots on buccal mucosa
  • Muculopapular rash starting from ears to legs
  • Tracheobronchitis + pneumonia are common
  • Causes immunosuppression
  • Vaccine: Live attenuated (need booster for non-responders); MMRV (current) with 2 doses (12-15 m., then 4-6 yrs)
36
Q

What symptoms are characteristic of measles?

A

Koplik’s spots on buccal mucosa and Maculopapular rash (ears to legs)

37
Q

Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses are closely related to what virus?

A

Rubeola virus that causes measles.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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