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Nervous System > Eye Physiology & Pathology > Flashcards

Eye Physiology & Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the socket of the eyeball?

A

1) Tenon capsule (fascial sheath)

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2
Q

Presence of necrotic collagen with vasculitis within the orbit?

A

1) Wegener granulomatosis

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3
Q

What is the most frequently encountered primary tumor of the orbit?

A

1) Tumor of vascular orgin

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4
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the eyelid?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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5
Q

Where is lymphoid tissue in the conjunctiva normally found?

A

1) Normally found in the conjunctiva of the fornix

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6
Q

Yellow submucosal elevation that is located near the limbus; does not invade the cornea; may form dellen

A

Pinguecula

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7
Q

What is a dellen?

A

1) saucer like depression in the corneal tissue

2) May be caused by Pinguecula

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8
Q

Submucosal elevation of the conjunctiva that is formed by fibrovascular connective tissue that migrates onto the cornea

A

Pterygium

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9
Q

Site of copper deposition in Wilson’s disease?

A

1) Descemet membrane

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10
Q

What is the hallmark finding of chronic Herpes simplex virus infection in the cornea?

A

1) Granulomatous reaction in the descement membrane

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11
Q

Calcium in the bowman layer

A

Calcific band keratopathy

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12
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A

1) Epithelial layer and basement membrane
2) Bowmen layer (acellular)
3) Corneal stroma
4) Descemet membrane
5) Corneal endothelium

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13
Q

What is the site of copper deposition in Wilson’s disease? What is the name of these lesions?

A

1) Descemet membrane

2) Kayser-Fleischer rings

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14
Q

What is the cause of Actinic band keratopathy? What is the pathologic pathway of this disease?

A

1) Caused by exposure of to high levels of UV light

2) Extensive elastosis develops in the superficial layers of the cornea

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15
Q

Progressive thinning and ectasia of the cornea without evidence of inflammation or vascularization; cornea develops a cone shape, causes astigmatisms; occcurs bilaterally

A

Keratoconus

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16
Q

What is keratoconus associated with?

A

1) Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome

2) Occurs bilaterally

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17
Q

What occurs when the thinning of the cornea occurs in Keratoconus?

A

1) Cone shaped cornea
2) Breaks in the Bowman layer
3) Descemet membrane rupture

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18
Q

What is associated with Descemet membrane rupture

A

1) Corneal hydrops

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19
Q

Extension of aqeuous humor from the anterior chamber into the gain access to the corneal stroma due to Descemet membrane rupture

A

Corneal hydrops

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20
Q

Drop-like deposits of abnormal basement membrane material produced by endothelial cells early in the course of Fuchs Endothelail dystrophy

A

Guttata

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21
Q

What are the two manifestations observed in Fuchs Endothelial dystrophy?

A

1) Stromal edema - stroma has a ground/glass appearance

2) Bullous keratopathy

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22
Q

Where is aqeous humor of the posterior and anterior chamber produced?

A

Pars plicata of the ciliary body

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23
Q

How do you differentiate between a Chalazion and Sebaceous carcinoma?

A

1) Sebaceous carcinoma tends to spread to the parotid and submandibular glands
2) Presence of vacuolization the cytoplasm
3) Reccurence of a Chalazion indicates a sebaceous carcinoma

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24
Q

Granulomatous response due to the blockage of sebaceous glands in the eyelid that results in producing a lipogranuloma

A

Chalazion

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25
Q

What are the most important factors for prognosis

A

1) Cell type

2) Diameter

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26
Q

What cell type has a promising prognostic factor of Uveal melanoma? Worsening prognosis?

A

1) Spindle cell type
2) Epithelioid cell type
3) Proliferative index

27
Q

Cause of primary open angled glaucoma?

A

1) Mutation of MYOC gene

28
Q

Where does a Sebacous carcinoma of the eyelid normally spread to first?

A

1) Parotid and submandibular nodes

29
Q

Autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic invasion of the parotid and submandibular glands

A

Sjogren syndrome

30
Q

What is the classic triad for Sjogren syndrome?

A

1) Xerophthalmia -dry eyes
2) Xerostomia- dry mouth
3) Arthritis

31
Q

Inflammation of the interal coats of the eye; inflammation of the viterous cavity

A

Endophthalmitis

32
Q

Inflammation of all layers of the eye

A

Panophthalmitis

33
Q

What does the uvea consist of?

A

1) Iris
2) Choroid
3) Ciliary body

34
Q

How do uveal melanomas spread? Where do they spread?

A

1) Hematogenously

2) Liver

35
Q

Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium

A

Retinal detachment

36
Q

What is the difference between Rhegmatogenous and non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

A

Rhegmatogenous is caused by a retinal tear

37
Q

What causes the “cotton wool spots” on ophthalmic evaluation?

A

1) Collection of cytoid bodies

38
Q

What are cytoid bodies?

A

1) accumulation of mitochondria at the swollen ends of damaged axons in the nerve fiber layer
2) Form due to occlusions of arteroiles

39
Q

What does thickening of the ciliary body basement membrane indicate?

A

Chronic diabetes mellitus

40
Q

Describe the layers of the retina.

A

1) Internal limiting membrane
2) Nerve fiber layer
3) Ganglion cell layer
4) Inner plexiform layer
5) Inner nuclear layer
6) Outer plexiform layer
7) External limiting membrane
8) Rods and cones
9) Retinal Pigment Epithelium

41
Q

What is the origin of retinoblastoma?

A

Neuronal

42
Q

Tumor that consists of both differentiated and undifferentiated components; Flexner Wintersteiner rossettes and collection of small, round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei

A

Retinoblastoma

43
Q

Spectrum of injuries to the optic nerve due to vascular causes; may produce episodes of transient loss of vision

A

Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)

44
Q

Diffuse loss of ganglion cells and thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer; may have cupped CNII; elevated intra-ocular pressure

A

Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathies

45
Q

Presence of exudate or blood between the ciliary body and sclera; presence of a membrane extending across the eye; chronic retinal detachment; optic nerve atrophy

A

Phthisis bulbi

46
Q

Optic nerve cupping

A

Glaucoma!

47
Q

Autosomal recessive condition causing deposition of keratan sulfate that results in gray opacities in the cornea

A

Corneal dystrophy

48
Q

Eye is too short for refractive power of cornea and lens; light focused behind retina

A

Hyperopia

49
Q

Eye too long for refractive power of cornea and lens; light focused in front of retina

A

Myopia (think: MY that’s long, the focus can’t reach the retina)

50
Q

Abnormal curvature of cornea resulting in different refractive power at different axes

A

Astigmatism

51
Q

Decrease change in focusing during accommodation

A

Presbyopia

52
Q

Causes of retinitis

A

Usually viral; associated with immunosuppression

1) CMV
2) HSV
3) HZV

53
Q

Causes of cataracts

A

1) Classic galactosemia
2) Galactokinase deficiency
3) Diabetes
4) Trauma
5) Infection

54
Q

Deposition of yellowish extracellular material beneath retinal pigment epitheilum

A

Dry age related macular degeneration

55
Q

Rapid loss of vision due to bleeding secondary to choroidal neovascularization

A

Wet Age related Macular degeneration

56
Q

What provides site for the lower retina (provides superior vision)? Where does it travel?

A

1) Meyer’s Loop

2) Loops around inferior horn of lateral ventricle

57
Q

What provides site for the upper retina (provides inferior vision)? Where does it travel?

A

1) Dorsal optic radiation

2) Takes shortest path through internal capsule

58
Q

Spherical tau proteins

A

Picks disease

59
Q

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein

A

Alzheimer

60
Q

alpha synuclein containing inclusions

A

Lewy bodies

61
Q

Pt presents with blurry and distorted vision. No Hx of diabetes or hypertension. Opthalmologic examination of the right eye reveals a gray subretinal membrane.

A

Wet Age related Macular Degeneration

62
Q

Main cause of wet age related macular degeneration

A

VEGF

63
Q

Subretinal drusen deposits or pigment changes with vision loss

A

Dry Age related Macular degeneration

Nervous System (5 decks)

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