Eye pharmacology

Question 1

As a side effect, what drug causes eyelash lengthening?

Answer 1

Lantanoprost. Used to control the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension by reducing intraocular pressure

Question 2

As a side effect, what drug causes Corneal micro deposits and/or optic neuropathy?

Answer 2

Amiodarone. Used as an antiarrhythmic agent for various types of cardiac dysrhythmias, both ventricular and atrial.

Question 3

As a side effect, what drug causes intraoperative floppy iris syndrome?

Answer 3

Tamsulosin, it is a α1a adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and Finasteride, also used to treat BPH.

Question 4

As a side effect, what drug causes yellow colouration of vision?

Answer 4

Digoxin, used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication.

Question 5

As a side effect, what drug causes red staining of tears?

Answer 5

Rifampicin.

Question 6

As a side effect, what drug causes blue colouration of vision and raised light sensitivity?

Answer 6

Sildenafil - viagra. Treats impotence and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Question 7

As a side effect, what drug causes optic neuritis ( demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve) and lowered visual acuity.

Answer 7

ethambutol. It is s a medication primarily used to treat tuberculosis as part of quadruple therapy.

Question 8

What drug causes miosis (constriction) of the pupils?

Answer 8

opiods

Question 9

What drugs cause Mydriasis (pupil dilation), dry eyes and

increased intra-ocular pressure.

Answer 9

Anticholinergics. so antimuscarinic and antinicotinic agents: atropine, scolpominie, ipatropium, tiotropium etc.

Question 10

What drug causes Glaucoma and cateracts?

Answer 10

Corticosteroids.

Question 11

List the ways in which medicine can be administer to treat eye conditions?

Answer 11

Injection, drops, ointment, inserts, oral systemic and spray.

Question 12

What are 2 reoccurring side effects of eye medicine?

Answer 12

Blurring of vision and stinging when applied.

Question 13

In order to cause mydriasis of the eye, which side of the autonomic nervous system and what muscle receptors are targeted?

Answer 13

Sympathetic nervous sytem and Alpha 1 receptors.

Question 14

In order to cause miosis of the eye, which side of the autonomic nervous system and what muscle receptors are targeted?

Answer 14

Parasympathetic nervous system and M3 muscarinic receptors.

Question 15

What is the first line drug used to dilate the eye called?

Answer 15

Tropicamide. It has a short duration of activity and a low toxicity. It is an anit-muscarinic that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the cilliary muscles of the eye) when applied as eye drops.

Question 16

Name an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist and its primary contraindication?

Answer 16

Phenylephedrine. It is often used in combination with tropicamide as a synergist when tropicamide alone is not sufficient. it is contraindicated by Narrow-angle glaucoma.

Question 17

What is the method used to stop medication going down to the back of the throat?

Answer 17

applying pressure to the Lacrimal punctum.

Question 18

Name 3 M3 muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 18

Tropicamide, Atropine, Cyclopentolate.

Question 19

Why would you want to dilate the pupil?

Answer 19

To allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina.

Question 20

What is cyclopegia?

Answer 20

paralysis of the cilliary muscles of the eye. Often cause by muscarinic agonists: tropicamide, atropine cyclopenolate.

Question 21

What do you call the class of drugs that act on the sympathetic NS?

Answer 21

Sympathomimetic.

Question 22

What do you call the class of drugs that act on the para- sympathetic NS?

Answer 22

para-Sympathomimetic..

Question 23

What condition should be watched for post the administering of a Sympathomimetic drugs?

Answer 23

Acute angle closure glaucoma. 
•Severe eye pain
•Nausea and vomiting
•Headache
•Blurred vision and/or seeing haloes around lights

Question 24

name 4 para-Sympathomimetic drugs?

Answer 24

Pilocarpine, timolol, latanoprost and acetazolamide

Question 25

When is Pilocarpine used and what is its main contraindication?

Answer 25

It is used in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma. It acts on a subtype of muscarinic receptor (M3) found on the iris sphincter muscle, causing the muscle to contract -resulting in pupil constriction which opens the angle allowing fluid to flow through the canal of schlemm. it is contraindicated by asthma.

Question 26

When is Timolol used and what are its contraindications?

Answer 26

for the treatment of glaucoma. It is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist (beta blocker) indicated for treating glaucoma, heart attacks, hypertension, and migraine headache. It is contraindicated by asthma and COPD.

Question 27

when is Latanoprost used and what are its contraindications?

Answer 27

It is a prostaglandin analogue (more specifically an analogue of prostaglandin F2α) that lowers the pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes through the uvealsclearal tract. It is contraindicated by hypersensitivity and possibly pregnancy.

Question 28

When are acetazolamide and dorzolamide used?

Answer 28

they are carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used for the medical treatment of glaucoma.

Question 29

Name 4 artificial tears drugs?

Answer 29

hypromellose, Carbomer (gel), polyvynil alcohol, and lacrilube.

Question 30

What is used to show damage to the conjunctiva or cornea?

Answer 30

Fluorscein sodium.

Question 31

What 2 anaesthetics are used on the eye?

Answer 31

Lidocaine and prometacaine.

Question 32

What is used to treat superficial eye infections?

Answer 32

Cloramphenicol 0.5%

Question 33

What are second line treatments for superficial eye infections?

Answer 33

• Ciprofloxacin - psudemonas and corneal ulcers
• Fusidic acid - Staphylococuss (second line to cloramphenicol)
• Gentamicin - psudemonas and corneal ulcers
• Levofloxacin - psudemonas and corneal ulcers
• Ofloxacin - psudemonas and corneal ulcers