Eye Exam Flashcards
Define Hyperopia
Farsightedness. Difficulty seeing near objects.
Define Myopia
Nearsightedness. Difficulty seeing distant objects.
Define Presbyopia
Aging vision. Progressive difficulty seeing near objects.
Define Diplopia
Double vision
Define heterophoria, esophoria, and exophoria.
Heterophoria - failure of visual axes to remain parallel
Esophoria - one eye deviates inward
Exophoria - one eye deviates outward
What are the components of the occular exam (8)?
Visual acuity, colorblindness, visual field testing, external examination, conjunctiva/sclera, cornea/lens/pupil, EOM, and fundoscopic exam
How do you evaluate and document visual acuity?
First evaluate each eye separately and then together. Also, with and without glasses.
Oculus Dexter = Right eye
Oculus Sinister = Left eye
Oculus uterque = both eyes
How is color blindness evaluated?
With the ishihara color blindness test.
How is visual field assessed and what is the assumption with this test?
It is tested by confrontation. This test assumes the physician has a normal visual field.
What does the external examination include?
Position and alignment of the eyes. Character of eyebrows and eyelids.
Define entropion and extropion.
Entropion - eyelid turned inwards
Extropion - eyelid turned outwards
What do a yellow and blue sclera indicate, respectively?
Jaundice and osteogenesis imperfecta
Pinguecula
Small nodule on the bulbar conjunctiva which does not cross the cornea.
Pterygium
Thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva which grows across the cornea
Sty
infection at the margin of the eye
Chalazion
painless nodule involving the meibomian glands.
Xanthelasma
Flat, yellow placques found around the eyes. Indicative of hyperlipidemia.
Conjunctivitis
Infection or inflammation of the eye presenting with discomfort and discharge
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Leakage of blood under the conjunctiva. Painless and sharply demarcated, usually resolves on its own.
Ciliary injection
Inflammation radiating from around the limbus. Extremely painful and indicative of an emergency. Vision will be effected.
Hyphema
Blood in the anterior chamber due to trauma. This is not an emergency, but does require monitoring.
How will papilledema present upon fundoscopic exam and what is the cause?
Optic disc is swollen with blurred margins. No physiologic cup is visible. Caused by increased intracranial pressure causing compression of the central retinal vein.
What fundoscopic findings should be noted in a patient with glaucoma?
Glaucomatous cupping - Increased intraocular pressure causes enlargment of the optic cup. Cup to disc ratio becomes larger than 1:2.
What two hypertensive changes can be seen upon fundoscopic exam?
Focal/generalized narrowing of light reflex - thickened arterial wall causes a diminished light reflex
A-V nicking - Arterial walls become thickened causing a loss of transparency and veins to appear to taper around the arteries.
