Eye & Ear Disorders Flashcards
hyperopia
far-sightedness; anterior-to-posterior dimension of eyeball is too short –> focal point is posterior to retina
myopia
near-sightedness; anterior-to-posterior dimension of eye-ball is too long –> focal point is in front of retina
presbyopia
difficulty focusing on things up close due to decreased flexibility of lens; associated with aging
strabismus
abnormality of eye coordination or alignment that results in loss of binocular vision
amblyopia
“lazy eye”; diminished vision in one eye when there is no detectable lesion in the eye
diplopia
double vision due to misalignment of binocular vision
nystagmus
involuntary rhythmic oscillation of eye movements
ptosis
drooping of upper eyelid due to weakness of levator muscle that holds eyelid up
ectropion
lower lid is turned outward
entropion
lower lid is turned inward
hordeolum
stye; infection of sebaceous glands of eyelid
chalazion
chronic inflammatory granuloma of meibomian gland that may follow an internal hordeolum
viral conjunctivitis
viral infection of the conjunctiva (pink eye); characterized by watery discharge, redness, and photophobia
bacterial conjunctivitis
bacterial infection of the conjunctiva; characterized by purulent discharge
bacteria that cause conjunctivitis
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea due to infection or irritation; characterized by severe pain and photophobia
glaucoma
vision loss due to optic nerve damage caused by increased intraocular pressure
primary open-angle glaucoma
- chronic, slow progression
- starts with blind spots in periphery, which spread and progress centrally until all vision is loss; irreversible
acute angle-closure glaucoma
- acute, rapid onset due to rapid increase in IOP; an emergency condition
- pain, blurred vision, halos around lights, vision loss
cataracts
progressive opacity or clouding of the lens; blurred vision over visual field
macular degeneration
- degeneration of the fovea (central part of retinal macula; where vision signals are received)
- starts with vision loss in central field, expands outward
dry/atrophic macular degeneration
- occurs due to fatty deposits (drusen) that develop in macula which cause damage and scar tissue on fovea
- slow progression
wet/exudative macular degeneration
- issue with microvasculature of eye, causing leakage of blood into fovea
- rapid
retinal detachment
- an emergency condition; causes bright flashes in peripheral vision, blurred vision, floaters
- no pain
- result of trauma
herpes zoster keratitis
- an emergency condition; inflammation of the cornea due to herpes simplex infection
- causes pain, redness, tearing, blurred vision, photophobia
central retinal artery occlusion
- an emergency condition; ischemia of the eye
- sudden, painless vision loss
otitis externa
inflammation of the external ear
otorrhea
drainage from the ear, coming out of external auditory canal
barotrauma
damage to tympanic membrane due to changes in pressure in middle ear
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
acute otitis media (AOM)
- inflammation of the middle ear due to infection; pathogen growth due to effusion in middle ear
- redness and bulging of tympanic membrane
otitis media with effusion (OME)
- caused by trapping of effusion in middle ear due to obstruction in eustachian tube
- no infection or inflammatory response
mastoiditis
infection of the mastoid bone; usually spreads from inner ear infection
otosclerosis
- formation of spongy bone around stapes and oval window of middle ear
- progressive hearing loss; conductive (three bones of middle ear can’t transmit sound waves) and sensorineural (due to pressure on middle ear structures)
conductive hearing loss
issues transmitting sound from external ear to internal ear; sound is not produced through tympanic membrane and three bones
labyrinthitis (otitis interna)
inflammation of of the inner ear
otosclerosis
- formation of spongy bone around stapes and oval window of middle ear; sound waves are not transmitted adequately through middle ear
- leads to progressive deafness
- pressure on middle ear structures –> tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss
conductive hearing loss
issues transmitting sound from external ear to internal ear; sound is not produced through tympanic membrane and three bones
labyrinthitis (otitis interna)
inflammation of of the inner ear
sensorineural hearing loss
issues with auditory nerve or auditory pathways to the brain
benign paroxysmal position vertigo
sudden onset of vertigo due to quick movement of head
objective vertigo
illusion that everything is moving around you when sitting still
subjective vertigo
illusion that you are in motion and the room is still
benign paroxysmal position vertigo
sudden onset of vertigo due to quick movement of head
Méniére disease
- feeling of unbalance due to fluid buildup in the inner ear, causing pressure on the cochlea and vestibule
- causes episodes of tinnitus, fullness of the ear, and violent rotary vertigo
