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Opthal > Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fibrous layer that supports the eyelids?

A

Tarsal plate

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2
Q

What glands lie within the tarsal plate?
What do they do?
What pathology can develop in them?

A

Meibomian glands
Secrete oil into tear film to stop evaporation
Chalazion- granulomatous painless swelling

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3
Q

Which two muscles are responsible for eyelid movement? Which cranial nerves innervate them?

A

Orbicularis oculi- cranial nerve 7. Closes eye.

Lavatory palpebrae- CN3. Opens eye.

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4
Q

What is the junction of cornea and conjunctiva called?

A

Limbus

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5
Q

What is the thickening of the conjunctiva near the medial canthus called?

A

Semilunar fold

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6
Q

Name the tear glands
Describe their locations
Describe the drainage system of the eye

A

Accessory glands- produce most of the tears, located within eyelid and conjunctiva.
Lacrimal gland- located superolateral to eye. Responsible for reflexive tearing.

Drain out through small pores called lacrimal puncta on the medial lids. Flow down lacrimal tubing into inferior turbinate (nose).

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7
Q

In which situation would a lid laceration be concerning?

A

If it occurs in the nasal quadrant it can cause damage to tear drainage.

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8
Q

What structure is continuous with the sclera?

A

Cornea

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9
Q

What structure is formed by the sclera at the posterior of the eye?

A

Optic sheath

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10
Q

Name the three chambers of the eye and what structures they lie between

A

Anterior: cornea and iris
Posterior: iris and lens
Vitreous: Lens and retina

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11
Q

What is the purpose of aqueous humour?

A

Nourishes avascular cornea and lens

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12
Q

Describe the layers of the cornea

A 
From top to bottom: 
Epithelium- protective
Bowman’s layer
Stroma- damage here can cause scarring
Descemet’s membrane- basal lamina 
Endothelium
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the corneal endothelium?

What happens if damaged?

A

Pump to keep cornea dehydrated
If damaged can cause corneal oedema.
Cells don’t regenerate- too much damage means too few cells and need for corneal transplant

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14
Q

Describe the drainage of aqueous humour

A

Drains through anterior chamber angle via trabecular meshwork into Schlemms Canal.

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15
Q

What components collectively make up the uvea?

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid plexus

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16
Q

What are the two functions of the ciliary body?

A

Controls shape of lens

Secretes aqueous fluid

17
Q

What structures within the ciliary body change the shape of the lens?

A

Zonular fibres

18
Q

Describe the structure and function of the choroid plexus

A

Bed of blood vessels living under the retina
Supplies nutrition to the outer 1/3 of the retina, which contains the rods and cones. Retinal detachments can seperate retina from choroid plexus and cause death of the rods and cones.

19
Q

Describe the structure of the lens

A

Peanut M&M.

Capsule, cortex, nucleus.

20
Q

What are the three types of cataracts?

A

Nuclear
Cortical
Subcapsular

21
Q

What is the name for the difficulty “rounding out” the lens that commonly occurs after age 40, causing trouble reading?

A

Presbyopia

22
Q

Describe the four layers of the retina innermost to outermost

A

Ganglion nerves- continuous with optic nerve
Photoreceptors
Choroid plexus- part of uvea
Optic sheath- continuous with sclera

23
Q

What is the macula?

A

Pigmented area of retina responsible for central vision

24
Q

Describe the location, function, and nutritional supply of the fovea

A

Central macula
Small pit involved in extreme central vision
Nutrition comes entirely from choroid- very vulnerable to retinal detachment

25
Q

Name the seven bones that form the orbit

A 
Frontal
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Maxillary
Palatine
Zygomatic
Sphenoid
26
Q

What is the orbital apex?

What Two important structures lie within it?

What surrounds these structures?

What are some pathologies are associated with injury here?

A

Posterior end of pyramid shaped orbit at the craniofacial junction where four walls of orbit meet.

Optic foramen, superior orbital fissure.

Annulus of Zinn

Orbital apex syndrome- damage to orbital apex. Involves optic nerve. Ptosis, blindness, and opthalmoplegia. (II, III, IV, V1, VI)

Cavernous sinus syndrome- orbital apex syndrome + more trigeminal involvement

Rochon-Duvigneaud syndrome- SOF damage. No blindness.

27
Q

Where does the retina get it’s nutritional supply?

A

Anterior 2/3 from retinal vessels, posterior third from choroid.

28
Q

Which is the only ocular muscle that doesn’t originate at the orbital apex?

A

Inferior oblique

29
Q

Describe the regions of the conjunctiva

A

Bulbar- over sclera on eyeball
Forniceal- Fornix is the doubling back
Palpebral (marginal/tarsal/orbital)

30
Q

What type of conjunctival injection is associated with inflammation of deep structures?

A

Ciliary flush/mixed

31
Q

What conditions commonly cause follicular inflammation?

A

Adenovirus
Chlamydiae
Herpes simplex
Allergic

32
Q

What can cause inflammation of the papillae?

A

Often chronic- allergic/mechanical irritation conjunctivitis
Anything really

33
Q

Describe the classic features of adenovirus conjunctivitis

A

Abrupt onset
Unilateral=>bilateral
Follicles, diffuse hyperaemia, mucoserous discharge,
Preauricular adenopathy
Can get severe- keratitis with photophobia and ++pain. Pseudomembrane formation
Can have second phase corneal infiltrates

34
Q

Name four common causative agents of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph aureus
Staph epidermis
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

35
Q

Name the 6 extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement and their innervation

A 
superior rectus - CNIII
inferior rectus - CNIII
medial rectus - CNIII
lateral rectus - CNVI
inferior oblique - CNIII
superior oblique - CNIV
36
Q

Name the 6 extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement and their actions

A

superior rectus - elevation and med rotation
inferior rectus - depression and lat rotation
medial rectus - adduction
lateral rectus - abduction
inferior oblique - elevation, lat rotation and abducts (up n out)
superior oblique - depress, med rotation and abducts (down n out)

37
Q

Where do the 4 rectus muscles originate from and attach to?

A

Tendinous ring, sclera

38
Q

What bony structure down the s.oblique travel thru?

A

Trochlear

Opthal (17 decks)

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