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RUSVM Anatomy 2 > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the orbit?

A

Protects eye and adexa, & serves as attachment site for extrinsic muscles

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2
Q

Bones of the orbital margin:

A

frontal, maxillary, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid

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3
Q

The bony orbit is complete in the horse, ox, and goat. What does this mean?

A

the temporal process of the frontal bone joins the zygomatic arch to complete the orbit

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4
Q

What completes the orbit in the dog?

A

orbital ligament- spans the region b/t the zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone

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5
Q

Structures contained within the orbit:

A

periorbita, eyeball, ocular adnexa, trochlea

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6
Q

Periorbita

A

cone-shaped sheath of connective tissue that surrounds the caudal eyeball and ocular adnexa

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7
Q

Ocular adnexa

A

accessory structures for protection (palpebrae, third eyelid, conjunctiva, retrobulbar fat), tear production (lacrimal gland/appartatus, gland of third eyelid), blood supply and innervation

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8
Q

Trochlea

A
  • a pulley-shaped cartilage that is attached to the dorsomedial wall of the orbit
  • directs the course of the dorsal oblique muscle
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9
Q

Three tunics of the eye:

A 
Tunica externa (fibrous tunic)
Tunica media (vascular tunic, choroid)
Tunica interna (retina)
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10
Q

Fibrous tunic:

A
  • comprised of two regions: Cornea (transparent anterior 1/4) & Sclera (opaque posterior 3/4)
  • continuous w/ dural layer of the CNS
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11
Q

Vascular tunic

A 
Composed of 3 regions:
-Choriod
-Ciliary body
-Iris
Continuous w/ pia-arachnoid layers of the CNS
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12
Q

Choriod

A
  • highly vascularized and pigmented; provides nourishment to globe
  • black areas for light absorption
  • tapetum lucidum is a brightly colored region, located superior to the optic disk, that reflects light
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13
Q

Ciliary body

A

ciliary mm. and ciliary ligaments control the shape of the lens

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14
Q

Iris

A

circular and radial mm. regulate the size of the pupil

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15
Q

Iridic granulae

A

horse has “black bodies” (sunglasses) on pupillary margin

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16
Q

Internal tunic

A

the retina, divided into two regions:

  • Optical part (visual part covers the choroid)
  • Blind part (non-visual part, covers ciliary body and iris) Cannot distinguish blind retina from ciliary body
17
Q

The optic retina has two layers:

A
  • pigmented (outer) layer (stratum pigmentosum)
  • nervous (inner) layer (pars nervosa retina) divided into nine layers
  • divisions of retina can only be seen histologically
18
Q

The neuron processes of the ganglion cells of the retina converge to form the

A

optic nerve

19
Q

Ganglion cells

A

-bi-polar neurons whose cell bodies are located within the ganglion cell layer of the retina

20
Q

The optic nerve begins at the ______

A

optic disk, where these axonal processes exit the caudal aspect of the globe of the eye
“blind spot”
-retinal vessels also enter & leave here

21
Q

Anterior compartment

A

-located b/t the lens and cornea
-filled with aqueous humor
-divided by the iris into 2 chambers:
anterior chamber and posterior chamber

22
Q

Posterior compartmenT

A
  • Located b/t the lens and fundus
  • Contains the vitreous body
  • helps maintain shape of eye
  • maintains necessary intraocular pressure to prevent retinal detachment
23
Q

Vitreous body

A
  • established during development and is maintained w/in the posterior compartment of the eye to maintain intraocular pressure
  • degeneration (liquefaction) of the vitreous body may predispose to retinal detachment
24
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • continuously produced and reabsorbed
  • secreted by ciliary body epithelium
  • drained via the venous sinuses of the sclera at the iridocorneal angle
  • increased fluid results in increased intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
25
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the eye

A

ciliary muscles and pupillary muscles

26
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A
  • regulates shape of the lens
  • contraction relaxes tension of the suspensory ligaments and the lens fattens (accommodation)
  • regulated by the oculomotor nerve (PSNS)
27
Q

Pupillary muscles

A
  • constrictor pupillae (circular)
  • regulated by the oculomotor by the oculomotor nerve (PSNS)
  • Dilator pupillae (linear, radial)
  • regulated by the SNS (neuron processes from cranial cervical ganglion)
28
Q

Adnexa of the eye

A
  • Palpebrae: superior and inferior eyelids- palpebral fissure is the space b/t these
  • conjunctiva: palpebral and bulbar; continuous at the fornix
  • third eyelid: cartilage, superficial gland of the third eyelid
  • Lacrimal appartaus
  • Extrinsic muscles of the globe
29
Q

Both eyelids (palpebrae) are lined by haired skin externally and ____ internally

A

mucous membrane

30
Q

What anchors the commisures of the eyelids?

A

Medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

-medial ligament is more developed

31
Q

The ______ is a continuous mucous membrane that lines the inner palpebrae and part of the globe

A

conjunctiva

32
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A
  • lines internal surface of palpebrae
  • continuous w/ outer skin of palpebrae and w/ bulbar conjunctiva at fornix
  • third eyelid is a fold of the inferior palpebral conjunctiva
33
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A
  • reflects onto the surface of the globe at the fornix

- continuous w/ palpebral conjunctiva

34
Q

Concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva that protrudes from the medial angle of the eye

A

plica semilunaris (third eyelid)

35
Q

Plica semilunaris

A
  • supported by a T-shaeped cartilage
  • superficial gland of the third eyelid
  • accessory lacrimal gland (mucous and serous secretions)
  • surrounds cartilage “stem”
  • deep gland also in cattle and swine
36
Q

Secretions of the _____ keep the surface of the eye moist and clean, and provide nourishment to the eye

A

lacrimal gland

37
Q

Process of lacrimal gland

A
  • lacrimal gland secretes serous fluid into the superior conjunctival sac
  • secretion flows over cornea (blinking)
  • Passes through puncta and into lacrimal gland ducts
  • lacrimal lake
  • drains into nasolacrimal duct
  • dissipated via convection in nasal cavity
38
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the eye

A
  • muscles of the globe: dorsal rectus, ventral rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, dorsal oblique, ventral oblique, retractor bulbi
  • muscles of the eyelids (palpebrae): levator palpebrae superioris, orbicularis oculi, retractor anguli oculi lateralis, levator anguli oculi medialis
39
Q

Function of the retractor bulbi m.

A

retract the eyeball deep into the orbit (protective mechanism, surrounds the optic nerve)

RUSVM Anatomy 2 (10 decks)

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