Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

final > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the eyeball

A 
External layer (sclera)
Middle layer (uvea)
Innermost layer (retina)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

refractive structures and media

A

Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

external structures of the eye

A

Canthus
Conjunctivae
Lacrimal gland
punctum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

emmetropia

A

the perfect refraction of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hyperopia

A

occurs when the eye does not refract light enough (farsightedness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

myopia

A

occurs when the eye overrefracts or overbends the light (nearsightedness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

astigmatism

A

a refractive error caused by unevenly curved surfaces on or in the eye, especially of the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Miosis

A

pupillary constriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mydriasis

A

is pupillary dilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

accomadation

A

the process of maintaining a clear visual image when the gaze is shifted from a distant to a near object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

age related structural changes of the eye

A 
Decreased eye muscle tone
Ectropion and dry eye
Arcus senilis (does not effect vision)
Corneal changes
Changes in color of sclera
Less ability to dilate pupil
More light needed for reading
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

age related functional changes of the eye

A 
Lens yellows.
Accommodation is gradually lost.
Near point of vision increases (presbyopia).
Far point decreases.
Color perception decreases.
Intraocular pressure increases.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

visual problems / health promotion of the eye

A

Glaucoma and Diabetic retinopathy are significant causes of preventable visual impairment
Ocular trauma can lead to blindness
Casual care of contact lenses
Women of childbearing age should be immunized against rubella to prevent congenital blindness
Genetically transmitted syndromes and conditions often have ocular manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

health promotion and maintenance of the eye

A

Education is important to preserve eye function
Protection
Nutrition
Importance of regular eye exams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

common eye myths

A

Children outgrow crossed eyes
Night vision will improve by eating more carrots
Reading in dim light for long periods can harm the eye
Watching TV is bad for the eyes
Wearing glasses makes you dependent on them
People with weak eyes should rest them to strengthen them
Older people who have trouble seeing should not use their eyes too much because they wear out sooner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

applying eye oitments

A

Common ophthalmic antibiotics are polymixin B, Bacitracin and Gentamycin
Ointment is placed into exposed conjuntival sac from inner canthus to outer canthus being careful to avoid touching the eyelashes

17
Q

administration of eye drops

A

Wash hands
Tilt head back and look toward ceiling
Pull lower lid gently down and out to expose the conjunctiva and create a sac
Bring dropper from the side and apply eye drops. Avoid touching eyelashes, conjunctiva, and the surface of the eye
Close both eyes gently. Do not squeeze them tightly or medication will be expelled
Apply slight pressure at inner canthus to decrease systemic absorption of the med
If more than 1 drop is given, wait 2 to 5 minutes before applying the second drop

18
Q

assessment of the eye

A 
Patient history
Nutrition history
Vitamin deficiencies
Family history and genetic risk
Current health problems
Near vision
Visual field
Extraocular muscle function 
Color vision
19
Q

physical and diagnostic assessment of the eye

A 
Physical Assessment
Head positioning, squinting, etc
Symmetry
Eyebrows/lashes
Sclera and cornea
Pupils
Diagnostics
Labs
Imaging
Other (such as corneal staining, slit lamp exam, ophthalmoscopy, etc..)
20
Q

cataract

A

Clouding and blurring of the lens distort the image and color projected onto the retina.
As cataract matures, opacity makes it difficult to see the retina.
Visual acuity is restricted.
No pain or eye redness is associated with age-related cataracts.

21
Q

symptoms of cataracts

A

Painless blurry vision is characteristic
Patient perceives surroundings as dimmer—as if glasses need cleaning.
Light scattering is common and patient experiences a decrease in contrast sensitivity, sensitivity to glare and a decrease in visual acuity
May have diplopia and altered color perception.
There is reduced light transmission
Secondary glaucoma can occur if the lens enlarges

22
Q

cataract surgery

A 
Preoperative
Pre-op education
Consent
Assessment
Intraoperative
Extraction and replacement of lens
Postoperative
Antibiotics/steriods
Care
meds
23
Q

postoperative care of cataracts

A 
Antibiotics are given subconjunctivally.
Eye is unpatched. Discharge usually occurs within 1 hr with dark glasses.
Instill antibiotic-steroid eyedrops.
Mild itching is normal.
Pain indicates a complication.
Reduce IOP.
Prevent infection.
Assess for bleeding.
24
Q

community based care of cataracts

A 
Home care management
Adaptive equipment
Assistance to instill eye meds
Health teaching
Close adherence for best outcome
Teach s/s of complications
Activity 
hygiene
Health care resources
Arrange for support and help at home
Someone to help with instilling meds
25
Q

glaucoma

A

Group of ocular diseases resulting in increased IOP
Common cause of blindness
Age-related
Usually painless
Patient unaware of a gradual reduction in vision
Primary open-angle glaucoma
Angle-closure glaucoma

26
Q

acute angle closure glaucoma

A

the onset is acute and the patient will have sudden, severe pain around the eyes that will radiate over the face. The person will have headache or brow pain and N/V may occur. Other s/s may include seeing halos around lights, sudden blurred vision with a decreased light perception. The sclera may appear reddened and the cornea foggy.

27
Q

clinical manifestations of glaucoma

A

Cupping and atrophy of the optic disc; disc wider and deeper and turns white or gray
Visual field measurement
Headache or brow pain, nausea and vomiting, colored halos around lights, and sudden blurred vision with decreased light perception

28
Q

diagnostic tests for glaucoma

A 
Tonometry
Measures IOP
Perimetry
Visual field testing 
Gonioscopy
Assess whether open or closed angle 
Optic nerve imaging
Visualizes the optic nerve
29
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

Retinal blood vessel complication
Retinopathy worsened with poor glucose control
Background diabetic retinopathy
Microaneurysms
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Laser therapy
Vitrectomy performed if frequent bleeding into the vitreous occurs

30
Q

macular degeneration

A

The macula—the area of central vision—deteriorates.
Degeneration can be atrophic age-related (dry) or exudative (wet).
Rod and cone photoreceptors die.
Central vision declines; patient describes “mild blurring” and “distortion.”

31
Q

dry macular degeneration

A 
Dry AMD
No cure
Management based on slowing progression
Maximize what vision patient has left
Nutrition therapy
Antioxidants, B12, lutein, zeaxanthin
Wet AMD
32
Q

Dry AMD

A

85% to 90% of AMD have dry or non exudative type.
Outer layers of retina break down and druzen forms.
When druzen is outside of macular area, patient’s generally have no symptoms.
Druzens can coalesce causing gradual loss of central vision when within the macula.
At first there is a gradual blurring of vision that patient’s notice when reading. There can be a missing in words, blank spots and loss of central vision.
There is no know treatment that can slow or cure the type of AMD.

33
Q

wet AMD

A

May have an abrupt onset.
Is characterized by the development of an abnormal choroidal neovascular network beneath the macula. These vessels leak fluid and bleed, causing edema and the development of fibrosis.
Visual changes can occur rapidly. Straight lines appear crooked and distorted. The resulting macular scar causes loss of central vision.
Some can be treated with laser therapy to stop leaking but vision can be affected by treatment and abnormal vessels can grow back.

34
Q

medical management of AMD

A

Nutritional supplements: antioxidant vitamins ( Vitamin C, E, and betacarotene) and Zinc may reduce the impact of AMD in some people.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT )-Use of Verteporfin, a photosensitive dye, and laser therapy.
Macular Translocation

35
Q

nursing management of AMD

A

Teaching regarding disease process, treatments, use of antioxidants, medical follow-up.
Give Amsler grid to patients for home monitoring
Teach about use of bright lighting and magnification devices.
Encourage smoking cessation and protection of eyes from the sun.
Low vision counseling services

final (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions