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Diagnostic imaging 2 exam 2 > Extremity trauma > Flashcards

Extremity trauma Flashcards

0
Q

compression causes what type of fracture

A

oblique

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1
Q

tension causes what type of fracture

A

Transverse fracture

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2
Q

Rotation causes what type of fracture

A

Spiral fracture

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3
Q

angulation causes what type of fracture

A

transerverse

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4
Q

what causes a spiral fracture

A

torque and axial compression

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5
Q

define Apposition

A

the closeness of the bony contact at the fracture site

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6
Q

how do you discribe apposition

A

describe the offset of the distal in relation to the proximal

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7
Q

define alignment

A

describes the position of the distal fragment in rlation to the proximal in the longitudinal axis

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8
Q

define rotation

A

produced by a twisting force along the longitudinal axis

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9
Q

what are falls on outstretched hand injuries commonly referred too as?

A

FOOSH injuries

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10
Q

<5yrs old FOOSH injury

A

supracondylar fracture

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11
Q

5-10yr FOOSH injury

A

transverse radial metaphysis fx

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12
Q

10-16 yr FOOSH injury

A

epiphyseal separation radius

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13
Q

16-35 yr FOOSH injury

A

scaphoid or other carpal fx

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14
Q

> 40 yr FOOSH injury

A

Colles fx or ulna fx

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15
Q

> 70 yr FOOSH injury

A

Surgical Neck of humerus fx

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16
Q

what are the indirect signs of fx as diagnostic clues

A 
Joint effusions
soft tissue swelling
double cortical line
buckling of the cortex
intracapsular fat-fluid level
periosteal or endosteal reactions
displacement or obliteration of fat stripe
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17
Q

what is the rate of fracture repair in infants

A

rapids and complete in 4-6 weeks

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18
Q

what is the rate of fracture repair in adolescents

A

less rapids and complete in 6-8weeks

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19
Q

what is the rate of fracture repair in adults

A

union is slow 10-12 weeks or sometimes 16-20 weeks

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20
Q

when is the first radiographic visualization of callus?

A

about 14 days

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21
Q

what are the steps to bone healing

A

1) hematoma formation
2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3) bony callus formation
4) bone remodeling

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22
Q

what is clinical union of a fx

A

when the callus is sufficiently developed to allow weight bearing or similar stress

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23
Q

what factors influence the rate of repair

A 
degree of local trauma
age of the patient
vascularity of the fragments
separation of the fragments
inadequate immobilization
presence of infection of other focal pathologies
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24
Q

what are the complications of fractures

A 
nonunion
delayed union
arrest of growth
stimulation of growth
malunion or angular deformities
avascular necrosis of infection
DJD
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25
Q

complications AWAY from site of fracture

A 
shock
synovitis
fat embolism 
sub periosteal ossification
intra and periarticular adhesions
reflex sympathetic dystrophy
26
Q

complications of soft tissue (with fractures)

A

injuries to nerves, blood vessels, tendons, Ligs, muscles bowel, bladder, lungs kidneys etc…

27
Q

what salter harris fx is though the physis and metaphysis

A

type 2

28
Q

what type of salter harris is through the physis and epiphysis

A

type 3

29
Q

what type of salter harris fracture is through the physis metaphysis and epiphysis

A

type 4

30
Q

what type of salter harris fx has normal radiographs until cessation of growth develops deformity?

A

type V

31
Q

what is the normal AC width

A

< 2-3 mm difference between sides

32
Q

what is the normal distance between coracoid and clavicle

A

11-13mm with <5mm bilateral difference

33
Q

what is the typical mechanism for injury of the AC joint

A

FOOSH or direct blow to top of the shoulder

34
Q

what is the most common location of clavicle fracture

A

middle third (80%)

35
Q

with a middle third clavicle fracture the proximal fragment is elevated by____ and the distal fragment is depressed by ____

A

elevated by the SCM and depressed by the weight of the shoulder

36
Q

complications of clavicle fx’s

A

exuberant callus may cause neurovascular comprimise
malunion or nonunion
laceration of the subclavian artery or brachial plexus
distal DJD

37
Q

what is a “Flap” fx

A

avulsion of the greater tuberosity of the humorous

38
Q

how much displacement indicates a rotator cuff disruption with a flap fx?

A

1cm

39
Q

what is the most common type of shoulder dislocation

A

anterior (97%)

40
Q

what are the three subcategories of ant. shoulder dislocation

A

subcorcoid
subglenoid
intrathoracic

41
Q

what are the mechanisms of ant. shoulder dislocation

A

forceful extension or abduction
forcful elevation and external rotation
direct blow
foosh

42
Q

what creates the Hill sachs defect

A

impaction fracture of the humeral head and glenoid fossa

43
Q

what is a bankart lesion

A

avulsion of the inf. glenoid rim

44
Q

which type of shoulder dislocation is due to hyperabduction

A

inferior dislocation

45
Q

tennis racquet, light bulb sign
trough sign
rim sign
are all indications of what?

A

post. shoulder dislocation (very rare and hard to see on x-ray)

46
Q

what does Luxatio erecta mean?

A

inf. dislocation

47
Q

what make up the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

48
Q

what is the gold standard for rotator cuff injuries

A

MRI

49
Q

what are the radiologic findings of a rotator cuff tear

A

acromiohumeral joint space less than 6mm
erosion of inf. aspect of acromian process
flattening of grater tuberosity

50
Q

what is the MC spot of a rotator cuff tear

A

supraspinatous (inf. outer edge of acromion)

51
Q

what is the Critical zone

A

an area of decreased vascular supply in the supraspinatus tendon where most tears occur and is about 1cm from insertion

52
Q

what is the MC elbow injury in children

A

supracondylar fx (60%)

53
Q

what is the MC elbow injury in adults

A

radial head or neck (50%)

54
Q

what are radiographic signs of elbow injury

A

positive fat pad sign
radio- capitellar line
ant. humeral line
hockey stick appearance

55
Q

what is a chisel fracture

A

vertical radiolucancy in radial neck

56
Q

what is the Numonic for ossification centers of the elbow

A

C.R.I.T.O.E - (capitellum,radius,internal epicondyle,trochlea,olecranon,external epicondlye)
1.3.5.7.9.11 (YEARS)

57
Q

discribe nursemaids elbow

A

fx in toddlers 2-5yrs from sudden jerk on forearm while in pronation with normal radiographs causes entrapment of annular ligament by radial head

58
Q

what are the MC joint dislocations in adults in order

A

1) shoulder
2) interphalangeal joints of fingers
3) elbow

59
Q

what is the MC elbow dislocation

A

Post./posterolateral (90%)

60
Q

what is a minimally displaced oblique fracutre of the distal ulnar shaft

A

Nightstick fracture

61
Q

what view is a torus fx best seen

A

lateral view

62
Q

what is normal volar tilt range

A

10-15 degrees

Diagnostic imaging 2 exam 2 (1 decks)

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