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Geography Exam > Extreme Environments > Flashcards

Extreme Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

How much precipitation falls per year in a polar climate?

A

Less than 300mm (most falls as snow).

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2
Q

What are summers like in polar climates?

A

Short with many hours of sunlight.

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3
Q

Why is it so cold in polar areas?

A

Because of the high latitudes.

The further north the more extreme the cold.

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4
Q

What life is found in the coldest glacial regions?

A

None.

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5
Q

In hot arid environments what are the nights like?

A

Cold as there are few clouds to act as a blanket.

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6
Q

What is it like in a hot arid environment during the day?

A

Hot often temperatures are above 30 degrees

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7
Q

Do hot arid climates support life?

A

They support little plant, animal and human life.

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8
Q

How much precipitation is there in hot arid environments per year?

A

Less than 250mm.

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9
Q

A glacial area is an..

A

Ice covered area (Greenland)

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10
Q

A tundra area is …

A

A frozen soil area (Alaska)

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11
Q

What flora and fauna do glacial regions have?

A

Support little life; mostly insects, mice and arachnids.

Plants grow close to the ground to survive strong winds.

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12
Q

What flora and fauna do tundra regions have?

A

Many animals,insects and birds live in tundra areas. They have adaptations to live in the cold(thick layers of fat+fur)

Boggy conditions suit water plants like moss.

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13
Q

What fauna do hot arid environments support?

A

Animals And insects in semi-arid regions.

Animals store fat and tend to be nocturnal, e.g large ears to help dissipate heat.

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14
Q

What flora do hot arid regions support?

A

Plants store water and have root systems to reach water far underground.

Seeds stay dormant for years and produce bright flowers that attract insects during rainfall.

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15
Q

In hot arid environments what can climate change cause?

A

Extreme drought and desertification.

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16
Q

In polar environments what can climate change cause?

A

Burst lakes and solifluction.

17
Q

What is solifluction

A

Where large areas of soil melt and move like a land slide.

18
Q

What are some adaptations to the cold?

Polar environments

A
  • triple glazing in houses
  • wearing fur, wool, layers
  • use of geothermal power
19
Q

What are some adaptions to frozen ground ?

A
  • houses raised up above ground
  • hunting
  • roads built on gravel to prevent solifluction
20
Q

What is an adaption to snow?

A

Steep roofs to make snow fall off

21
Q

What are some adaptions to heat?

A
  • walls on buildings painted white
  • thick walls and small windows
  • air con
  • loose fitting clothing
  • wearing head coverings
22
Q

What are some adaptions to the lack of water?

A
  • flat roofs catch water
  • irrigation used to grow crops
  • nomadic farming so areas aren’t overgrazed.
23
Q

How does pollution affect Alaska ?

A

Oil spills have caused environmental catastrophes in the past .

24
Q

How is land degradation a threat to Alaska?

A

Permafrost is melting due to buildings heating up land, especially in big urban areas.

25
Q

How is cultural dilution a threat to Alaska?

A

There is a loss of native languages and cultural traditions because of the influence of western cultures.

26
Q

What impact does out-migration have on Alaska?

A

People are moving away due to lack of social and employment opportunities.

27
Q

What impact does pollution have on the Sahel?

A

Air pollution from new economies may increase drought.

28
Q

Why is land degradation a threat to the Sahel?

A

Desertification leads to a loss of vegetation and more soil erosion. It is partly caused by overgrazing.

29
Q

Why is cultural dilution a probelm in the sahel?

A

Traditional rituals are performed to entertain tourists. Western cultures are influencing.

30
Q

What is the impact of out-migration in the Sahel?

A

People are moving away due to the lack of opportunities.

31
Q

How can intermediate technology be used in hot arid regions?

A

Using hand pumps to pump water from deep underground.

Water is safely stored in rain barrels for later use.

32
Q

How is sustainable management used in polar regions?

A
  • use of geothermal power
  • conservation zones protecting flora and fauna
  • promote ecotourism
  • fish farming
  • promote native cultures
33
Q

What is the UN convention to combat desertification?

A

It is a treaty that promotes bottom up solutions to combat land degradation and poverty in arid regions.

34
Q

Winters in polar climates are..

A

Very cold (down to -50) with few or no hours of sunlight.

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