Extras

Question 1

Multinaturalism (?;?)

Answer 1

Latour 2004
the multiple trajectories along which any ecology might evolve
the various ways in which they can be sensed, valued and contested

Question 2

Offshore wind farm project in Scotland

Answer 2

FT 2016
Planned £2bn infrastructure project
Facing collapse after cancellation of Government subsidy deal
Due to RSPB legal challenge - threatens lives of thousands of seabirds
Potential importance in meeting carbon emissions reductions

Question 3

Red knots (?;?)

Answer 3

van Gils et al 2016
Migratory bird
Shrinking - climate change in Arctic nesting grounds = snow melts earlier, they aren’t hatching early enough for peak of insects spurred by the thaw
= food shortage - they grow smaller with shorter bills
= can’t dig up their favoured shellfish that live in the tidal mudflats in North Africa where they spend their winters = aren’t making it to adulthood
–> they may evolve to be smaller bodied with big bills

Question 4

Bees in the USA (?;?)

Answer 4

US Department of Agriculture 2016 cited in The Guardian
28% bee colonies in the US lost over 2015-16 winter
Issues:
- mass conversation of pollen-rich meadows to monocrops
- pesticides
- spread of varroa mite
= increased costs to keep colonies sustainable
e.g. artificially replacing Queen bees - specialist producers across the US that supply queens to beekeepers
Greater costs to pollinate crops
Enviro groups calling for phase out of pesticides