extras

Question 1

what is the limbic systems role in aggression?

Answer 1

the limbic system is made up of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and parts of the hyppocampus. its linked to emotional behaviours including aggression.

Question 2

what is the amygdalas role in aggression? what research supports its role?

Answer 2

the amygdala has a key role in how we assess and respond to environmental threats, research using fMRI scans showed when participants were midly provoked there was reactivity on the amygdela. drugs reducing the autonomous systems reactivity reduced the amygdalas response subsiquently reduced aggression

Question 3

what is serotonins affect on aggression?

Answer 3

serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter (it slows neural activity) normal levels of serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex are linked to reduce neuron firing and as a result, better self control. decreased serotonin disrupts this leading to impulsive behaviour

Question 4

what research supports the serotonin-aggression link?

Answer 4

drugs increasing serotonin also reduce aggression, with participants giving fewer and less intence shocks to a confed compared to a placebo group

Question 5

what does the MAOA gene do?

Answer 5

controls the production of the MAO-A enzyme which regulates serotonin.

Question 6

what is culteral relitivism?

Answer 6

the idea that behaviour only makes sense in the context of the norms and values of the culture it appears in

Question 7

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 7

a form of culture bias in which one believes their own cultural group is superiour to the others, norms and values are applied to these other cultures eg in the strange situation

Question 8

what two things are part of the interactionist approach in the nature nurture debate?

Answer 8

the diathesis-stress model
epigenetics

Question 9

what validity issues are there for the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 9

two psychiatrists independently assessed the same 100 patients using the ICD-10 and DSM-5, 68 were diagnoses with the ICD and 39 with the DSM. this suggests that schizophrenia is either under or over diagnosed so the diagnostic systems credibility is low.

Question 10

what are the biological explanations for schizophrenia?

Answer 10

the genetic basis - shown in family studies, candidate genes are identified and the role of mutation

neural correlates with the origional and updated dopamine hypothisis

Question 11

what other neurotransmitter was identified to be involved in schizophrenia

Answer 11

glutimate, meaning the dopamine hypothisis is flawed, scanning and post mortems have shown raised glutimate levels, meaning its not just dopamine involved

Question 12

name one typical an two atypical antipsychotics

Answer 12

typical: chlorpromazine
atypical: clozapine and risperidone

Question 13

how could a cognitive behavioural therapist help someone with schizophrenia?

Answer 13

teaching the client where the symptoms come from - reduces fear eg malfunctioning speech center
normalising symptoms - extention of inner voice
challanging delusions by realty testing - ask for proof
tackle accompanying depression

Question 14

what is an IRM and FAP (name the features of a FAP)

Answer 14

an innate release mechinism, an inbuild physiological structure triggered by an environmental stimulus to release a fixed action pattern. FAPs have to be:
- stereotyped, unchanging behaviours
- universal, same throughout the species
- ballistic, once triggered always follows through
- single purpose, only happens in a spesific situ
- a response to an identifiable stimulus

Question 15

what are the two male retention stratergies?

Answer 15

direct guarding - vigelence over behaviour, asking who theyve been seeing etc
negitive inducements - issuing threats, eg ill kms if you leave me

Question 16

what is one strength of reductionism?

Answer 16

its a scientific approach, they often use operationalised variables in lab studies to break down the target behaviour into its parts. this means that experiments are often reliable and objective.

Question 17

what research support is there for the family dysfunction explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 17

adults with schizophrenia are disrpoporionately more likely to have an insecure attachment style, and 69% of women and 59% of men also with a history of physical/sexual abuse

Question 18

whats a limitation of the cognitive explanations of schizophrenia?

Answer 18

they only explan whats happening ‘now’ to produce the symptoms and doesnt focus of the initial cause of the condition, they dint adress how the family traumas and genetics may cause the dysfunctional thinking

Question 19

what evidence is there for the effectivenes of CBT and family therapy?

Answer 19

CBT: reviews on 34 studies showed small but significant improvement for the severity and frequency of both symptoms, NICE reccomends it for those with SZ
family:classed as the most constnatly effective treatment for SZ, with reduced relapse rates NICE also recoments everyone wth SZ to go to family therapy and is benificial to all severities of SZ

Question 20

how many people does kleinfelters and turners syndrome affect?

Answer 20

kleinfelters: 1/600
turners: 1/5000

Question 21

what is a girls double-resentment to her mother?

Answer 21

1. shes in competition with her mother for her fathers love
2. she believes her mother castrated her, so its her fault the girl has no penis

Question 22

what is cultural psychology?

Answer 22

the study of how people are shaped by their cultural experience

Question 23

what is ethnic stereoytping? refer to research

Answer 23

beliefs about a cultural groups often leading to prejudice.
when the first IQ tests were developed they were made in the US with US spesific questions, when other cultures took ad failed these IQ tests because of the poor questions on them, they were deemed mentally unfit/ feeble minded (leading to misconseptions about them being thick)

Question 24

what research support can be used for epigenetics in a nature/nurture discussion?

Answer 24

in WW2 the Naziz blocked food to the Dutch, babies born at this time had low birth weight and were twice as likely to develop SZ

Question 25

what real world application does the nature/nurture debate have?

Answer 25

research into our nature, including genetics, can help us prevent mental disorders. we know OCD is hereditable and can be triggerred by a stressor so we can teach people who have a genetic vulnerability how to manage stress better and help prevent it.

Question 26

what research supports Kohlbergs theory and what other research supports gender schema theory

Answer 26

Kohlberg: 6 and 4 year olds told about boy who lokes dolls, 4 year olds said it was fine, 6 year olds said it was wrong
GST: children are more likely to remember gender appropriate and missremember gender innapropriate images

Question 27

what are the two negitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 27

speech poverty: changes in patterns of speech, reduced amount and quality
avolition: or apathy, difficulty to begin/keep up with goal based activities eg brushing teeth, reduced motivation

Question 28

what are the three family dysfunction explanations of SZ?

Answer 28

schizophrenegenic mother: cold, rejecting, controlling mother, tense, secretive environment leading to paranoia
Double-bind theory: child rears being wrong due to mixed messages and fearing to seek clarification, punished with withdrawn love, leads to disorganised thinking, paranoia
Expressed emotion: negitive expressed emotions, verbal criticism, hostility, emotional overimvolvelemt (i need to know these three) this causes stress and relapse

Question 29

what are the three cognitive explanations of SZ?

Answer 29

dysfunctional thinking: reduced thought processing in the ventral striatum = neg symp. reduced processing in temporal and cingulate gyri = hallucinations
metarepresentation dysfunction: cant reflect on our and others behaviour, dont recognise thoughts as ours
centeral control dysfunction: no ability to supress automatic thoughts = derailment

Question 30

what is chlormromazine?

Answer 30

a typical antipsychotic (1950s) and a dopamine antagonist, binding to dopamine receptors to reduce dopamine. it has a seditive effect and can reduce hallucinations dosed at 400-800mg

Question 31

what is clozapine and risperidone?

Answer 31

atypical antipsychotics (1970s)
clozapine was developed in the 60s, trialed in the 70s and released in the 80s. it can cause a fatal blood disorder so tests are needed frequently. it binds to dopamine, seritonin and glutamate receptors and is good at suicide prevention. dosed at 300-450mg

risperidone has been around sinse the 90s and has less side effects than the others. it binds more strongly to dopamine receptors so more effective. dosed at 4-8mg

Question 32

what are the 6 features of a FAP?

Answer 32

sterotyped, universal, unnafected by learning, ballistic, single purpose, a response to an identifiable stimulus

Question 33

what is an issue with catharsis?

Answer 33

aggression may not actually be cathartic, angry participants hitting a punch bag got more aggressive rather than less