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BDS 2 > Extras > Flashcards

Extras Flashcards

1
Q

What is a migration study

A

where we follow subjects from their mother country to another country and then observe their life and their further generations (e.i moving to a more developed country and watching stress/cancer)

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2
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of cellular studies

A

using immortalised human cells to see affects on cellular function
quick and cheap
dont interact with other cells

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3
Q

What are HELA cells

A

cells from a patient that have been immortalised and are still used for cellular studies

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4
Q

what is in vitro

A

cell cultures in lab

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5
Q

what is in vivo

A

within an organism

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6
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of animal studies

A

Generally using rodents regulated by home office
quick life span so see effects over life quickly
easy to control dietary intake and environmental factors
cant replicate enviroment/cell of human
ehtical considerations

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7
Q

what are epidemiology studies

A

A study type that looks at humans without intervention, just observation of specific groups to help find deterministic factors, risk factors, preventative factors of disease

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8
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of of ecological studies

A

use of a population (geographical, occupational, socio-economic) to observe relationships between outcome and exposure. Used for rare disease prevalence. Can be longitudinal, migrational or geographical
useful for hypothesis
use large populations
very time consuming
exposure based on population level not individual level
suseptable to cofounding factors

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9
Q

what is a cofounding factor

A

a third factor in an exposure/outcome study that may affect what is being studied without being included in the model

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10
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of cross-sectional studies

A

where we look at a population at a single frame of time
quick and doesn’t take long time
cheap
difficult to find outcome/exposure relationship
relies on memory/bias

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11
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of cohort studies

A

where a population cohort with specific risk factors is followed over time to watch progression of disease in relation to exposure
unbias and no memory-bias
cofounding factors
large population needed - unless high incidence
very timely

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12
Q

what is a retrospective cohort

A

a cohort using past exposures

-memory bias

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13
Q

what is a prospective cohort

A

follows disease in real time

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14
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of case control studies

A

two groups are followed, one group with a specific risk factor/disease and one without e.g. smokers. prevalence of disease is monitored.
cheap and quick
helps form hypothesis
recall bias/retrospective

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15
Q

what are intervention studies

A

where we intervene in life and introduce a factor e.g. make 1 cohort eat bananas and one cohort not eat bananas

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16
Q

why can we not use RCt for cancer studies

A

It would be unethical to make a group more likely to get cancer

17
Q

what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of RCTs

A

randomised control trials are a type of interventional study in which we randomly select participants to be part of different groups, one which has a placebo and one has a factor added to study effect of said factor.
specific
prospective
randomised and double blind removing bias
small population compared to observational studies
costly
depends on follow up and drop outs
unethical

18
Q

what is a systematic review

A

A systematic review is a summary of all of the literature on a particular topic, that meets pre-defined eligibility criteria. The results are compared and we see if there is significant evidence to provide a conclusion. These are at the top of evidence level (very strong)
they provide more reliable evidence

19
Q

what is a meta-analysis

A

use statistical methods to summarise results, evidence from many studies (used in systematic review)

20
Q

what is a Cochrane review

A

A Cochrane Review is a systematic review of research in health care and health policy that is published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The eivdence used has to meet very strict criteria affecting validity and reliability

21
Q

what is the difference between case control and cohort studies and which has higher level of evidence

A

cohort study = prospective participants exposed to a risk factor, observing to see outcome (% of people who get cancer)

case control study = subjects with the outcome of interest and without outcome of interest, questioned retrospectively looking at risk factors

systematic review > cohort > case control

22
Q

rather than looking at non-smokers and smokers, how would we better group partiicpants

A

smoking status e.g. quit for 10 years, 5 years, still smoking, started smoking, recently quit, trying to quit, started smoking 5 years ago, smoking for 20 years

23
Q

if a patient has TMJ pain, what will solve the problem in 80% of cases and what is the cause

A

soft diet
exercises
rest
soft analgesics

internal disc derangement

24
Q

patient has pain on chewing or when thinking about food, what is probable cause and what diagnosis do we do?

A

‘mealtime syndrome’

  • pain on thinking/smelling/cooking food
  • blocked salivary gland/tube
  • sialogram where we inject contrast (x-ray dye) into the salivary opening to highlight the blockages.
  • oblique mandibular radiograph will find calculi
25
Q

what are the 5 competencies of the GDC

A

professionalism, communication, leadership, clinical skills and management

26
Q

how many consultations will the average GDP have in a lifetime

A

250, 000

27
Q

what is the primary reason for medicolegal cases against dentist

A

poor attitude and communication 70%

28
Q

what is the framework used for guiding communication of a consultation

A

Calgary Cambridge framework

29
Q

what is the Calgary Cambridge framework and what are its 5 steps

A

guideliens for communication during a consultation

  1. Initiate the session
  2. Gathering Information
  3. Physical examination
  4. Explanation/Planning
  5. Close the session
30
Q

what 4 criteria must a systematic review have

A 
have a specific question
clearly defined search 
explicit appraisal criteria
explicit and valid strategy to validate data 
minimises bias and random errors
31
Q

what is a systematic review

A

review prepared systematically to reduce bias and random errors that study multiple other studies and select via a very harsh criteria to find studies of similar nature to then collate results

32
Q

what is a meta-analysis and when is it used

A

research process used to systematically synthesise or merge the findings of single, independent studies, using statistical methods to calculate an overall or ‘absolute’ effect
done at the end of a systematic review

BDS 2 (13 decks)

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