Extras Flashcards
What is a migration study
where we follow subjects from their mother country to another country and then observe their life and their further generations (e.i moving to a more developed country and watching stress/cancer)
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of cellular studies
using immortalised human cells to see affects on cellular function
quick and cheap
dont interact with other cells
What are HELA cells
cells from a patient that have been immortalised and are still used for cellular studies
what is in vitro
cell cultures in lab
what is in vivo
within an organism
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of animal studies
Generally using rodents regulated by home office
quick life span so see effects over life quickly
easy to control dietary intake and environmental factors
cant replicate enviroment/cell of human
ehtical considerations
what are epidemiology studies
A study type that looks at humans without intervention, just observation of specific groups to help find deterministic factors, risk factors, preventative factors of disease
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of of ecological studies
use of a population (geographical, occupational, socio-economic) to observe relationships between outcome and exposure. Used for rare disease prevalence. Can be longitudinal, migrational or geographical
useful for hypothesis
use large populations
very time consuming
exposure based on population level not individual level
suseptable to cofounding factors
what is a cofounding factor
a third factor in an exposure/outcome study that may affect what is being studied without being included in the model
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of cross-sectional studies
where we look at a population at a single frame of time
quick and doesn’t take long time
cheap
difficult to find outcome/exposure relationship
relies on memory/bias
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of cohort studies
where a population cohort with specific risk factors is followed over time to watch progression of disease in relation to exposure
unbias and no memory-bias
cofounding factors
large population needed - unless high incidence
very timely
what is a retrospective cohort
a cohort using past exposures
-memory bias
what is a prospective cohort
follows disease in real time
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of case control studies
two groups are followed, one group with a specific risk factor/disease and one without e.g. smokers. prevalence of disease is monitored.
cheap and quick
helps form hypothesis
recall bias/retrospective
what are intervention studies
where we intervene in life and introduce a factor e.g. make 1 cohort eat bananas and one cohort not eat bananas
why can we not use RCt for cancer studies
It would be unethical to make a group more likely to get cancer
what is and what are the disadvantages/advantages of RCTs
randomised control trials are a type of interventional study in which we randomly select participants to be part of different groups, one which has a placebo and one has a factor added to study effect of said factor.
specific
prospective
randomised and double blind removing bias
small population compared to observational studies
costly
depends on follow up and drop outs
unethical
what is a systematic review
A systematic review is a summary of all of the literature on a particular topic, that meets pre-defined eligibility criteria. The results are compared and we see if there is significant evidence to provide a conclusion. These are at the top of evidence level (very strong)
they provide more reliable evidence
what is a meta-analysis
use statistical methods to summarise results, evidence from many studies (used in systematic review)
what is a Cochrane review
A Cochrane Review is a systematic review of research in health care and health policy that is published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The eivdence used has to meet very strict criteria affecting validity and reliability
what is the difference between case control and cohort studies and which has higher level of evidence
cohort study = prospective participants exposed to a risk factor, observing to see outcome (% of people who get cancer)
case control study = subjects with the outcome of interest and without outcome of interest, questioned retrospectively looking at risk factors
systematic review > cohort > case control
rather than looking at non-smokers and smokers, how would we better group partiicpants
smoking status e.g. quit for 10 years, 5 years, still smoking, started smoking, recently quit, trying to quit, started smoking 5 years ago, smoking for 20 years
if a patient has TMJ pain, what will solve the problem in 80% of cases and what is the cause
soft diet
exercises
rest
soft analgesics
internal disc derangement
patient has pain on chewing or when thinking about food, what is probable cause and what diagnosis do we do?
‘mealtime syndrome’
- pain on thinking/smelling/cooking food
- blocked salivary gland/tube
- sialogram where we inject contrast (x-ray dye) into the salivary opening to highlight the blockages.
- oblique mandibular radiograph will find calculi
