Extracting metals and equilibria Flashcards

1
Q

What do the most reactive metals react with

A

Water

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2
Q

What is the equation for a metal + water

A

Metal + Water » metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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3
Q

What do fairly reactive metals react with

A

Acids

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4
Q

What is the equation of metal + acid

A

Metal + acid » salt + hydrogen

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5
Q

What do all metals react with

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

What is the equation for metal + oxygen

A

Metal + oxygen » metal oxide

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7
Q

What is the only metal that doesn’t react with water, acid or oxygen

A

gold

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8
Q

What are displacement reactions

A

When a more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal causing it to be left uncombined

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9
Q

Explain the displacement reactions as redox reactions

A
  • More reactive metals form a cation losing electrons and being oxidised
  • Less reactive metals from anions gaining electrons when displaced being reduced
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10
Q

What is reactivity

A

The tendency of the metal atom to form cations

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11
Q

What are the three elements that react with water

A

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium

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12
Q

What elements react with dilute acid

A

Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron

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13
Q

What elements are least reactive

A

Copper, Silver, Gold

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14
Q

Where are most metals found

A

In the earth’s crust
-Most metals found as ores
-Unreactive metals found uncombined

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15
Q

What is oxidation (when relating to oxygen)

A

The gain of oxygen

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16
Q

What is reduction (In terms of oxygen)

A

The loss of oxygen

17
Q

How can a metal be extracted from it’s ore chemically

A

By reduction using carbon
metal oxide + carbon → metal + carbon dioxide
When an ore is reduced, oxygen is removed from it

18
Q

What are ores

A

a rock that contains metals or metal compounds in a high enough concentration

19
Q

How do you extract a metal from its ore if the metal is less reactive than carbon

A

Reduction of carbon

20
Q

How do you extract a metal from its ore if the metal is MORE reactive than carbon

A

Electroysis

21
Q

What is phytoextraction

A
  • When plants absorb metal compounds through they’re roots
  • Ions are concentrated through shoots and leaves
  • Plants are harvested and burnt and the ash contains a higher concentration of metal than the ore
22
Q

What is bioleaching

A
  • Some bacteria absorb metal compounds
  • Produce leachates which contain them
  • Scrap iron or electrolysis can be used to obtain the metal
23
Q

Explain how a metals relative resistance to oxidation is related to its position in the reactivity series

A
  • the less reactive the metal is, the greater its resistance to oxidation
  • the more reactive the metal, the greater the tendency to form cations
24
Q

What are the advantages of recycling metals

A
  • requires less energy than extracting them, so saves money
  • Mining ores is bad for the environment as large quarries are created,
25
Q

Why is extracting raw materials bad for the earth

A

requires lots of energy which comes from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable and the process contributes to acid rain and climate change

26
Q

What are the stages analysed in a life cycle assessment

A
  1. making materials for the product from the raw materials needed
  2. manufacturing the product
  3. transport of the product (and raw materials)
  4. using the product
  5. disposing of the product at the end of its useful life
27
Q

What are reversible reactions

A

Reactions were the products of the reaction can react to produce the original reactants

28
Q

What are Chatelier’s three ways of adjusting equilibrium

A

Changing the conditions
* temperature
* pressure
* concentration

29
Q

What is equilibrium

A

Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction

30
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium

A

When the front and back reaction reach equilibrium they keep going

31
Q

What is the word equation for the formation of the Haber process

A

nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

32
Q

What is the symbol formula for the Haber process

A

N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) ⇌ 2NH 3 (g)

33
Q

What are the conditions needed for the Haber process

A

Temperature: 450°C
Pressure: 200atm
An iron catalyst

34
Q

Where is nitrogen obtained

A

From the air

35
Q

Where is hydrogen obtained from

A

Natural gas

36
Q

How is the position of a dynamic equilibrium affected by temperature

A

When temperature is increased: Equilibrium moves to the direction of the endothermic reaction
If decreased:
Equilibrium moves to the direction of exothermic reaction

37
Q

How is the position of a dynamic equilibrium affected by changing concentration

A

Increased: Position of equilibrium shifts towards products so more reactants are produced
Decreased: Position of equilibrium shifts towards reactants so more produvts are produced

38
Q

How is the position of a dynamic equilibrium affected by pressure

A

Decrease: Equilibrium will favour the side with more particles
Increase: Equilibrium will favour the side with less particles

39
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s theory

A

if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change