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Veterinary Pathology Block 2 > Extracellular Accumulation, Pathological Pigments, Circulatory Disturbances > Flashcards

Extracellular Accumulation, Pathological Pigments, Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards

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1
Q

What are substances that primarily accumulate as a result of aberrations?

A

Cellular homeostasis

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2
Q

In terms of pathologic calcifications, what is dystrophic?

A
  1. Deposition occurs in dead or dying tissues
  2. No derangement of serum levels of calcium
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3
Q

In terms of pathologic calcifications, what is metastatic?

A
  1. Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues
  2. Secondary to derangement in calcium metabolism
  3. Hypercalcemia
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4
Q

True or False: Pathological calcifications occur in a wide variety of disease states.

A

True

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5
Q

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissue, is a result of what?

A

iron, magnesium, phosphorus and carbonates

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6
Q

If calcification is extensive, how will it appear?

A

it appears grossly as chalky white deposits
with a brittle or gritty texture.

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7
Q

The loss of the ability to regulate cellular Ca2+ balance is a critical turning point that converts reversible to….

A
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8
Q

The mechanism of dystrophic calcification is most prominent where?

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

What will be seen with increasing deposition of calcium salts?

A
  1. The entire cell and even extracellular tissue can be calcified
  2. Intense and widespread basophilia histologically
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10
Q

What is the 1st evidence of dystrophic calcification histologically?

A

basophilic stippling of the dead cell

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of dystrophic calcification?

A
  1. Nutritional myopathy (White muscle disease)
  2. Calcinosis cutis
  3. Calcinosis circumscripta
  4. Liver/lung injury
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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of nutritional myopathy?

A

Selenium/Vit E deficiency

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13
Q

What are free radicals?

A

chemical specimens that have an unpaired electron in the most external orbit of the atom

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14
Q

The pathogenesis of nutritional myopathy is responsible for the protection of cell membrane against what?

A

Free radical

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15
Q

What are some examples of free radicals?

A

UV rays, exercise, Peroxisomes, Inflammation, Arachidonate pathways, Ischemia/reperfusion injury, Cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants

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16
Q

What type of stain demonstrates the amount of dystrophic mineralization
of damaged myofibers in the sample?

A

a Von Kossa

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17
Q

What are the two types of dystrophic calcification on the skin?

A
  1. Calcinosis cutis
  2. Calcinosis circumscript
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18
Q

What is Calcinosis cutis?

A

a poorly understood form of epithelial and
collagenous calcification

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19
Q

What is an example of calcinosis cutis?

A

Canine hyperglucocorticoids

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20
Q

What is calcinosis circumscript?

A

Localized deposit of calcium salts

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21
Q

Calcinosis circumscript is affected by what parts of the body?

A
  • Dermis or subcutis
  • Other soft tissues
  • The tongue, footpad, tongue, spine, salivary gland, and aorta
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22
Q

What calcification of the skin is a common over bony prominences of distal aspects of the limbs in young dogs of large breeds or horses?

A

Calcinosis circumscripta

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23
Q

What type of calcification targets the intima and tunica media of vessels?

A

Metastatic calification

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24
Q

Metastatic calcification will result in

A
  1. Chronic kidney disease
  2. Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is also characterized by
    calcium-phosphate imbalance
  3. Inappropriately elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone
    (PTH) or secretion of PTH-related peptide
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25
For Metastatic Calcification in chronic kidney disease, what is the primary defect?
is an imbalance in calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood
26
As a result of the imbalance in calcium and phosphate concentration in the blood what will you see?
Phosphate retention (Binding bioavailable calcium as CaHPO4) - Prominent in the lungs, pleura, stomach and endocardium - Damage to arteries and arterioles results in ischemic injury
27
What are some examples of the imbalance between calcium and phosphate concentration? * reword
1. Uremic gastropathy 2. Uremic pneumonitis
28
Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is characterized by what type of imbalance?
calcium-phosphate imbalance
29
Where is Cestrum diurnuma located? Does it affect herbivores or carnivores? It contains what type of glycosides? It affects what organs in the body?
1. West Indies, Gulf Coast of the United States 2. Herbivores 3. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) 4. Lungs, kidney, and heart -- especially the atrial endocardium and ascending aorta.
30
Elevated blood concentrations of what tell you that there is severe metastasis calcification..
Elevated serum calcium concentration
31
Rodenticides containing cholecalciferol affect what two animals?
Dogs and Cats
32
Elevated PTH or secretion of PTH-related peptide can be broken down into two different types, what are they?
Primary hyperparathyroidism Non-parathyroid neoplasms
33
Between Primary hyperparathyroidism and Non-parathyroid neoplasms, which one is more common and which is uncommon
Primary hyperparathyroidism (uncommon) Non-parathyroid neoplasms (common)
34
What is usually the result of neoplasia of the parathyroid glands?
Primary hyperparathyroidism
35
What is the Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?
Non-parathyroid neoplasms
36
Neoplastic cells secrete
PTH-related peptide or because the neoplasm invades and lyses bone
37
What are two tumors that can secrete PTH-related peptide?
Canine lymphoma and apocrine carcinoma of the anal sac glands
38
Parathyroid adenoma is more common at what percentage?
87%
39
Primary Hyperparathyroidism is most common in what type of dog breed? True/False is it a gene mutation in this breed of dog
Keeshond True
40
Neoplasms associated PTHrP
• Lymphoma (common) • Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (common) • Carcinoma (sporadic): lung, pancreas, skin, nasal cavity, thyroid, mammary gland, adrenal medulla • Thymoma (rare)
41
Hematologic malignancies (bone marrow osteolysis – local osteolytic hypercalcemia)
Lymphoma • Multiple myeloma • Myeloproliferative disease (rare) • Leukemia (rare)
42
Hypercalcemia in cases of multiple myeloma can result from:
1. Osteoclastic bone resorption: Released by osteoclasts secondary to cytokine secretion by myeloma cells 2. Hypercalcemia of malignancy: secrete parathyroid hormone-related peptide 3. Hyperglobulinemia: Calcium binding by the paraprotein
43
Protein have this type of characteristic, in terms of Extracellular protein accumulations?
- Acidic - Have affinity for the eosin dye of the H&E stain - Appearance on pink H&E
44
Examples of extracellular protein accumulations are?
Amyloid Hyalin-appearance (collagen) Fibrinoid
45
What is amyloid?
• Misfolded, non-soluble protein or protein fragments • Deposits are nonbranching fibrils 7.5-10 nm in diameter • Form B-sheet polypeptide chains that wound together
46
What is amyloidosis?
group of disorders that are characterized by the deposition of abnormally folded proteins in tissues.
47
What are the mechanisms of amyloidosis?
1) Propagation of misfolded proteins that serve as a template for selfreplication (e.g., prion diseases) (2) Accumulation of misfolded precursor proteins due to failure to degrade them (3) Genetic mutationsthat promote misfolding of precursor proteins (4) Protein overproduction because of an abnormality or proliferation in the synthesizing cell (e.g., plasma cell dyscrasia or neoplasia), (5) Loss of chaperoning molecules or other essential components of the protein assembly process.
48
What is Systemic amyloidosis? What is the localization of this?
Amyloidosis involving several tissues and organs throughout the body - AL-amyloidosis - AA-amyloidosis or Familial amyloidosis
49
What is Localized amyloidosis? What is the localization of this?
Amyloid substance may be confined at a given area in the body Aβ protein in Alzheimer’s disease - AIAPP in pancreatic islet The precursor peptides or intermediate oligomers, not amyloid fibrils
50
The Amyloid protein, AA has what clinical description
Reactive (secondary) amyloidosis
51
The Amyloid protein, AL/AH has what clinical description
Idiopathic (primary) amyloidosis associated with myeloma/macroglobulinaemia
52
The amyloid protein, AScr has what clinical description
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapie, BSC, CWD
53
The amyloid protein, AIns/AIAPP has what clinical description
In islets of Langerhans, diabetes type II, insulinoma (Cats)
54
The amyloid protein, AApoAII has what clinical description
Amyloidosisin senescence, accelerated mice
55
The amyloid protein, Aβ protein has what clinical description
Alzheimer’s disease (Dogs)
56
What is the characteristics of AL-amyloidosis
- Unstable monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains - Produced by a plasma cell dyscrasia
57
What is the characteristics of AA-amyloidosis/Familial?
Increased level of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) (acute phase protein) - Synthesized by hepatocytes - Extrahepatic SAA expression and production is reported in several species of animals and humans
58
As a result of AA-amyloidosis/Familial, Shar-Pei dogs and Abyssinian cats are likelky to have?
Renal medullary interstitium
59
Immunocyte-associated amyloidosis more often involves
Heart, GI & respiratory tracts, peripheral nerves, skin, and tongue
60
True or False? Deposits may also occur in organs listed for reactive systemic amyloidosis
True
61
Systemic amyloidosis typically affects? More specifically what does it affect
kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenals, thyroid, and other tissues 2. Renal glomerulus, Space of Disse, Splenic white pulp
62
How do you diagnosis amyloidosis?
Light microscopic level: homogeneousto indistinctly, fibrillar, and pale eosinophilic • Confirmed by Congo red staining and green birefringence under polarized light
63
What does Congo Red Dye do?
Binds to the fibrils and producesred-green dichroism - Orange-red hue (i.e., congophilia) - Refract polarized light into two rays that vibrate in perpendicular waves
64
How do you diagnosis amyloid Macroscopically
amyloid appears as yellow, waxy, coalescing nodular or amorphous deposits
65
How is Iodine used when diagnosing amyloidosis?
Used on occasion as a gross technique to stain amyloid

Veterinary Pathology Block 2 (1 decks)

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