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Veterinary Pathology Block 2 > Extracellular Accumulation, Pathological Pigments, Circulatory Disturbances > Flashcards

Extracellular Accumulation, Pathological Pigments, Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

What are substances that primarily accumulate as a result of aberrations?

A

Cellular homeostasis

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2
Q

In terms of pathologic calcifications, what is dystrophic?

A
  1. Deposition occurs in dead or dying tissues
  2. No derangement of serum levels of calcium
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3
Q

In terms of pathologic calcifications, what is metastatic?

A
  1. Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues
  2. Secondary to derangement in calcium metabolism
  3. Hypercalcemia
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4
Q

True or False: Pathological calcifications occur in a wide variety of disease states.

A

True

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5
Q

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissue, is a result of what?

A

iron, magnesium, phosphorus and carbonates

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6
Q

If calcification is extensive, how will it appear?

A

it appears grossly as chalky white deposits
with a brittle or gritty texture.

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7
Q

The loss of the ability to regulate cellular Ca2+ balance is a critical turning point that converts reversible to….

A
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8
Q

The mechanism of dystrophic calcification is most prominent where?

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

What will be seen with increasing deposition of calcium salts?

A
  1. The entire cell and even extracellular tissue can be calcified
  2. Intense and widespread basophilia histologically
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10
Q

What is the 1st evidence of dystrophic calcification histologically?

A

basophilic stippling of the dead cell

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of dystrophic calcification?

A
  1. Nutritional myopathy (White muscle disease)
  2. Calcinosis cutis
  3. Calcinosis circumscripta
  4. Liver/lung injury
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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of nutritional myopathy?

A

Selenium/Vit E deficiency

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13
Q

What are free radicals?

A

chemical specimens that have an unpaired electron in the most external orbit of the atom

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14
Q

The pathogenesis of nutritional myopathy is responsible for the protection of cell membrane against what?

A

Free radical

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15
Q

What are some examples of free radicals?

A

UV rays, exercise, Peroxisomes, Inflammation, Arachidonate pathways, Ischemia/reperfusion injury, Cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants

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16
Q

What type of stain demonstrates the amount of dystrophic mineralization
of damaged myofibers in the sample?

A

a Von Kossa

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17
Q

What are the two types of dystrophic calcification on the skin?

A
  1. Calcinosis cutis
  2. Calcinosis circumscript
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18
Q

What is Calcinosis cutis?

A

a poorly understood form of epithelial and
collagenous calcification

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19
Q

What is an example of calcinosis cutis?

A

Canine hyperglucocorticoids

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20
Q

What is calcinosis circumscript?

A

Localized deposit of calcium salts

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21
Q

Calcinosis circumscript is affected by what parts of the body?

A
  • Dermis or subcutis
  • Other soft tissues
  • The tongue, footpad, tongue, spine, salivary gland, and aorta
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22
Q

What calcification of the skin is a common over bony prominences of distal aspects of the limbs in young dogs of large breeds or horses?

A

Calcinosis circumscripta

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23
Q

What type of calcification targets the intima and tunica media of vessels?

A

Metastatic calification

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24
Q

Metastatic calcification will result in

A
  1. Chronic kidney disease
  2. Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is also characterized by
    calcium-phosphate imbalance
  3. Inappropriately elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone
    (PTH) or secretion of PTH-related peptide
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25
Q

For Metastatic Calcification in chronic kidney disease, what is the primary defect?

A

is an imbalance in calcium and
phosphate concentrations in the blood

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26
Q

As a result of the imbalance in calcium and phosphate concentration in the blood what will you see?

A

Phosphate retention (Binding bioavailable
calcium as CaHPO4)
- Prominent in the lungs, pleura, stomach and
endocardium
- Damage to arteries and arterioles results in
ischemic injury

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27
Q

What are some examples of the imbalance between calcium and phosphate concentration? * reword

A
  1. Uremic gastropathy
  2. Uremic pneumonitis
28
Q

Toxicosis with vitamin D or its analogues is characterized by what type of imbalance?

A

calcium-phosphate imbalance

29
Q

Where is Cestrum diurnuma located?
Does it affect herbivores or carnivores?
It contains what type of glycosides?
It affects what organs in the body?

A
  1. West Indies, Gulf Coast of the United States
  2. Herbivores
  3. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3)
  4. Lungs, kidney, and heart
    – especially the atrial endocardium and ascending aorta.
30
Q

Elevated blood concentrations of what tell you that there is severe metastasis calcification..

A

Elevated serum calcium concentration

31
Q

Rodenticides containing cholecalciferol affect what two animals?

A

Dogs and Cats

32
Q

Elevated PTH or secretion of PTH-related
peptide can be broken down into two different types, what are they?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism
Non-parathyroid neoplasms

33
Q

Between Primary hyperparathyroidism and
Non-parathyroid neoplasms, which one is more common and which is uncommon

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism (uncommon)
Non-parathyroid neoplasms (common)

34
Q

What is usually the result of neoplasia of the parathyroid glands?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

What is the Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

Non-parathyroid neoplasms

36
Q

Neoplastic cells secrete

A

PTH-related peptide or because the
neoplasm invades and lyses bone

37
Q

What are two tumors that can secrete PTH-related peptide?

A

Canine lymphoma and apocrine carcinoma of the anal sac glands

38
Q

Parathyroid adenoma is more common at what percentage?

A

87%

39
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism is most common in what type of dog breed?
True/False is it a gene mutation in this breed of dog

A

Keeshond
True

40
Q

Neoplasms associated PTHrP

A

• Lymphoma (common)
• Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (common)
• Carcinoma (sporadic): lung, pancreas, skin, nasal cavity, thyroid,
mammary gland, adrenal medulla
• Thymoma (rare)

41
Q

Hematologic malignancies (bone marrow osteolysis – local osteolytic
hypercalcemia)

A

Lymphoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Myeloproliferative disease (rare)
• Leukemia (rare)

42
Q

Hypercalcemia in cases of multiple myeloma can result from:

A
  1. Osteoclastic bone resorption: Released by osteoclasts secondary to cytokine secretion by
    myeloma cells
  2. Hypercalcemia of malignancy: secrete parathyroid hormone-related peptide
  3. Hyperglobulinemia: Calcium binding by the paraprotein
43
Q

Protein have this type of characteristic, in terms of Extracellular protein accumulations?

A
  • Acidic
  • Have affinity for the eosin dye of the H&E stain
  • Appearance on pink H&E
44
Q

Examples of extracellular protein accumulations are?

A

Amyloid
Hyalin-appearance (collagen)
Fibrinoid

45
Q

What is amyloid?

A

• Misfolded, non-soluble protein
or protein fragments
• Deposits are nonbranching
fibrils 7.5-10 nm in diameter
• Form B-sheet polypeptide
chains that wound together

46
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

group of
disorders that are
characterized by the
deposition of abnormally
folded proteins in tissues.

47
Q

What are the mechanisms of amyloidosis?

A

1) Propagation of misfolded proteins that serve as a template for selfreplication (e.g., prion diseases)
(2) Accumulation of misfolded precursor proteins due to failure to
degrade them
(3) Genetic mutationsthat promote misfolding of precursor proteins
(4) Protein overproduction because of an abnormality or proliferation
in the synthesizing cell (e.g., plasma cell dyscrasia or neoplasia),
(5) Loss of chaperoning molecules or other essential components of
the protein assembly process.

48
Q

What is Systemic amyloidosis?
What is the localization of this?

A

Amyloidosis involving several tissues and
organs throughout the body

  • AL-amyloidosis
  • AA-amyloidosis or Familial amyloidosis
49
Q

What is Localized amyloidosis?
What is the localization of this?

A

Amyloid substance may be confined at a given
area in the body

Aβ protein in Alzheimer’s disease
- AIAPP in pancreatic islet
The precursor peptides or intermediate oligomers, not amyloid fibrils

50
Q

The Amyloid protein, AA has what clinical description

A

Reactive (secondary)
amyloidosis

51
Q

The Amyloid protein, AL/AH has what clinical description

A

Idiopathic (primary)
amyloidosis associated with
myeloma/macroglobulinaemia

52
Q

The amyloid protein, AScr has what clinical description

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,
Scrapie, BSC, CWD

53
Q

The amyloid protein, AIns/AIAPP has what clinical description

A

In islets of Langerhans,
diabetes type II, insulinoma
(Cats)

54
Q

The amyloid protein, AApoAII has what clinical description

A

Amyloidosisin senescence,
accelerated mice

55
Q

The amyloid protein, Aβ protein has what clinical description

A

Alzheimer’s disease (Dogs)

56
Q

What is the characteristics of AL-amyloidosis

A
  • Unstable monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains
  • Produced by a plasma cell dyscrasia
57
Q

What is the characteristics of AA-amyloidosis/Familial?

A

Increased level of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) (acute phase protein)
- Synthesized by hepatocytes
- Extrahepatic SAA expression and production is reported in several
species of animals and humans

58
Q

As a result of AA-amyloidosis/Familial, Shar-Pei dogs and Abyssinian cats are likelky to have?

A

Renal medullary interstitium

59
Q

Immunocyte-associated amyloidosis more often involves

A

Heart, GI & respiratory tracts, peripheral nerves, skin, and tongue

60
Q

True or False? Deposits may also occur in organs listed for reactive systemic
amyloidosis

A

True

61
Q

Systemic amyloidosis typically affects?
More specifically what does it affect

A

kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenals, thyroid, and other tissues

  1. Renal glomerulus, Space of Disse, Splenic white pulp
62
Q

How do you diagnosis amyloidosis?

A

Light microscopic level: homogeneousto indistinctly, fibrillar, and pale
eosinophilic
• Confirmed by Congo red staining and green birefringence under polarized
light

63
Q

What does Congo Red Dye do?

A

Binds to the fibrils and producesred-green dichroism
- Orange-red hue (i.e., congophilia)
- Refract polarized light into two rays that vibrate in perpendicular waves

64
Q

How do you diagnosis amyloid Macroscopically

A

amyloid appears as yellow, waxy, coalescing nodular or amorphous deposits

65
Q

How is Iodine used when diagnosing amyloidosis?

A

Used on occasion as a gross technique to stain amyloid

Veterinary Pathology Block 2 (1 decks)

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