Extra - Vertebral anatomy

Question 1

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 1

Skull (cranium, vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid bone (in the neck), ribs and the sternum.

Question 2

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 2

12 (with 12 attached ribs at their posterior end)

Question 3

How many regions of the vertebrae are there and what are they called?

Answer 3

5 regions:

• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
• Coccygeal

Question 4

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 4

7

Question 5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

Answer 6

5 - fused together in adults.

Question 7

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

Answer 7

3/4 (fused into on or two units in adults)

Question 8

What are the main features of the vertebrae?

Answer 8

• Vertebral body
• Pedicle
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Vertebral canal
• Intervertebral foramen

Question 9

What types of joint exist between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 9

Connected by specialised cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral discs.

Question 10

What is the structure of the intervertebral discs?

Answer 10

• Central core gelatinous material (nucleus pulposus)

- Surrounding fibrous rings (annulus fibrosis)

Question 11

What three joints connect the spines of adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 11

• Synovial joint
• Ligaments
• Ligamentum flavum

Question 12

What are three types of ligaments and what do they connect?

Answer 12

Supraspinous ligaments - connect tips of spinous processes
Interspinous ligaments - connect base of spinous processes
Intertransverse ligaments - connect the transverse processes together

Question 13

What are the two sulci found on the heart?

Answer 13

Coronary and atrioventricular.

Question 14

Which vessels travel along the coronary sulcus?

Answer 14

• Right coronary artery
• Small cardiac vein
• Coronary sinus
• Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

Question 15

Which vessels travel along the anterior interventricular sulcus?

Answer 15

Contains anterior inter ventricular artery and great cardiac vein.

Question 16

Which vessels travel along the posterior interventricular sulcus?

Answer 16

Contains posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.

Question 17

What are common MI symptoms?

Answer 17

• Severe crushing chest pain
• Sweating
• Nausea
• Pain radiating to arms (more commonly the left artery)

Question 18

What does the great cardiac vein drain?

Answer 18

Drains from the apex, up the anterior inter ventricular sulcus then along the coronary sulcus, eventually enlarging to form the coronary sinus. Path is related to the LAD and circumflex artery.

Question 19

What does grey matter contain?

Answer 19

Cell bodies

Question 20

What does white matter contain?

Answer 20

Axons

Question 21

Where do sensory neurones come from?

Answer 21

Dorsal horn - form posterior roots.

Question 22

Where do motor neurones come from?

Answer 22

Ventral root - form anterior roots.n

Question 23

Where can diaphragmatic pain be referred to?

Answer 23

Can be referred to the shoulder tip that is served by C3-5 derivative. This is because the same spinal levels supplying the phrenic nerve also supply cutaneous regions of the skin at the shoulder.

Question 24

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres go to synapse and innervate viscera?

Answer 24

Pre-vertebral ganglion.

Question 25

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

Answer 25

Near the opening of the coronary sinus.

Question 26

What supplies the inter ventricular septum?

Answer 26

1/3 is supplied via the posterior descending artery and the other 2/3 is supplied by the anterior descending artery.