Extra Stuff!

Question 1

When should an inotrope be used?

Answer 1

Cardiogenic Shock with impaired organ function
Cold and Wet or Dry patients
Bridge to transplant or device
Palliation

Question 2

What are the acute and chronic equations for respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 2

“alka’s evens”

Acute: HCO3=0.2 (PCO2)
Chronic:HCO3 = 0.4 (PCO2)

Question 3

What are the acute and chronic equations for respiratory acidosis?

Answer 3

“acids are odd”
Acute: HCO3 = 0.1 (PCO2)
Chronic: HCO3 = 0.35 (PCO2)

Question 4

Why does hyperfiltration and mesangial expansion occur in diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 4

Non enzymatic glycolized proteins can infiltrate and therefore thicken the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus leading to an increase in GFR, causing hyperfiltration. Afferent arteriole eventually dilates which increases the GFR more and causes mesangial expansion from the high pressure damaging the glomeruli.

Question 5

In what glomerular disease do we see a “spiked” GBM? Is this nephrotic or nephritic?

Answer 5

Membranous Nephropathy.

Nephrotic.

Question 6

Does Membranous Nephropathy has subepithelial or subendothelial deposits?

Answer 6

Subepithelial Deposits