Extra Practice Flashcards
In a discretionary mode, which of the following entities is authorized to grant information access to other people? A. Manager B. Group leader C. Security manager D. User
Answer: D
Explanation: Discretionary control is the most common type of access control mechanism implemented in computer systems today. The basis of this kind of security is that an individual user, or program operating on the user’s behalf, is allowed to specify explicitly the types of access other users (or programs executing on their behalf) may have to information under the user’s control. Discretionary security differs from mandatory security in that it implements the access control decisions of the user. Mandatory controls are driven by the results of a comparison between the user’s trust level or clearance and the sensitivity designation of the information.
Which DES mode of operation is best suited for database encryption?
A. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode
B. Cycling Redundancy Checking (CRC) mode
C. Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode
D. Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode
Answer: C
Explanation: The DES algorithm in Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode is used for DEK and MIC encryption when symmetric key management is employed. The character string “DES-ECB” within an encapsulated PEM header field indicates use of this algorithm/mode combination. A compliant PEM implementation supporting symmetric key management shall support this algorithm/mode combination. This mode of DES encryption is the best suited for database encryption because of its low overhead. ECB Mode has some weakness, here they are: 1. ECB Mode encrypts a 64-bit block independently of all other 64-bit blocks 2. Given the same key, identical plaintext will encrypt the same way 3. Data compression prior to ECB can help (as with any mode) 4. Fixed block size of 64 bits therefore incomplete block must be padded
Within the realm of IT security, which of the following combinations best defines risk?
A. Threat coupled with a breach.
B. Threat coupled with a vulnerability.
C. Vulnerability coupled with an attack.
D. Threat coupled with a breach of security.
Answer: B
Explanation: This is the main concept, when we talk about a possible risk we always have a possible vulnerability in the system attacked. This vulnerability can make a threat to be successful. We can say that the level of risk can be measures through the level of vulnerabilities in our current systems and the ability of the attackers to exploit them to make a threat successful.
Which of the following would be the best reason for separating the test and development environments?
A. To restrict access to systems under test.
B. To control the stability of the test environment.
C. To segregate user and development staff.
D. To secure access to systems under development.
Answer: B
Explanation: This is the right answer, with a separation of the two environments (Test and development), we can get a more stable and more “in control” environment, Since we are making tests in the development environment, we don’t want our production processes there, we don’t want to experiment things in our production processes. With a separation of the environments we can get a more risk free production environment and more control and flexibility over the test environment for the developers.
Which of the following statements pertaining to dealing with the media after a disaster occurred and disturbed the organizations activities is incorrect?
A. The CEO should always be the spokesperson for the company during a disaster.
B. The disaster recover plan must include how the media is to be handled during the disaster.
C. The organization’s spokesperson should report bad news before the press gets a hold of it through another channel.
D. An emergency press conference site should be planned ahead.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is not a good practice, we cannot involves the CEO of the company to deal with the media in every case we have a disaster, depending on the severity of the disaster we can make the CEO talk, but the best practice in the real world is to have a well-known person with that role, with special speaking capabilities and knowledge about press methods. In general, the CEO always gets news of what happened, and he decides the company politics, then another designed employee (Usually from the disaster recovery team) deals with the media.
Which Orange book security rating introduces security labels? A. C2 B. B1 C. B2 D. B3
Answer: B Explanation Class (B1) or “Labeled Security Protection” systems require all the features required for class (C2). In addition, an informal statement of the security policy model, data labeling, and mandatory access control over named subjects and objects must be present. The capability must exist for accurately labeling exported information. Any flaws identified by testing must be removed.
A Business Impact Analysis (BIA) does not:
A. Recommend the appropriate recovery solution.
B. Determine critical and necessary business functions and their resource dependencies.
C. Identify critical computer applications and the associated outage tolerance.
D. Estimate the financial impact of a disruption.
Answer: A
Explanation: Remember that when we talk about a BIA (Business Impact Analysis), we are analyzing and identifying possible issues about our infrastructure, in this kind of analysis we don’t make suggestions about what to do to recover from them. This is not an action plan, It’s an analysis about the business, the process that it relays on, the level of the systems and a estimative of the financial impact, or in other words, how much many we loose with our systems down.
Which access control model enables the owner of the resource to specify what subjects can access specific resources? A. Discretionary Access Control B. Mandatory Access Control C. Sensitive Access Control D. Role-based Access Control
Answer: A
Explanation: Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is used to control access by restricting a subject’s access to an object. It is generally used to limit a user’s access to a file. In this type of access control it is the owner of the file who controls other users’ accesses to the file. Using a DAC mechanism allows users control over access rights to their files. When these rights are managed correctly, only those users specified by the owner may have some combination of read, write, execute, etc. permissions to the file.
What type of cable is used with 100Base-TX Fast Ethernet?
A. Fiber-optic cable
B. Four pairs of Category 3, 4 or 5 unshielded twisted-par (UTP) wires.
C. Two pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) or Category 1 shielded twisted-pair (STP) wires.
D. RG.58 cable.
Answer: C
Explanation: 100BaseTX is a 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two pairs of either UTP or STP wiring. The first pair of wires is used to receive data; the second is used to transmit. To guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseTX segment cannot exceed 100 meters in length. This specification of Ethernet is based on the IEEE 802.3 standard
Which of the following best describes the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol?
A. Originated by VISA and MasterCard as an Internet credit card protocol.
B. Originated by VISA and MasterCard as an Internet credit card protocol using digital signatures.
C. Originated by VISA and MasterCard as an Internet credit card protocol using the transport layer.
D. Originated by VISA and MasterCard as an Internet credit card protocol using SSL.
Answer: B
Explanation: This protocol was created by VISA and MasterCard as a common effort to make the buying process over the Internet secure through the distribution line of those companies. It is located in layer 7 of the OSI model. SET uses a system of locks and keys along with certified account IDs for both consumers and merchants. Then, through a unique process of “encrypting” or scrambling the information exchanged between the shopper and the online store, SET ensures a payment process that is convenient, private and most of all secure. Specifically, SET: The SET process relies strongly on the use of certificates and digital signatures for the process of authentication and integrity of the information.
At which of the following phases of a software development life cycle are security and access controls normally designed? A. Coding B. Product design C. Software plans and requirements D. Detailed design
Answer: D
Explanation: Security controls and access controls are normally designed in the “Detailed” phase of design. In this phase you have the design of many of the security features of your development like authentication, confidentiality functionality, non repudiation capabilities. In this phase you can also define what is going to be the access control method for the software, we can make it discretionary (less restrictive), mandatory (more restrictive), role based and others.
Which type of control would password management classify as? A. Compensating control B. Detective control C. Preventive control D. Technical control
Answer: C
Explanation: Preventive technical controls are used to prevent unauthorized personnel or programs from gaining remote access to computing resources. Examples of these controls include:
• Access control software. • Antivirus software. • Library control systems. • Passwords and Password management. • Smart cards. • Encryption. • Dial-up access control and callback systems.
About Passwords: Passwords are used to verify that the user of an ID is the owner of the ID. The ID-password combination is unique to each user and therefore provides a means of holding users accountable for their activity on the system. Fixed passwords that are used for a defined period of time are often easy for hackers to compromise; therefore, great care must be exercised to ensure that these passwords do not appear in any dictionary. Fixed passwords are often used to control access to specific data bases. In this use, however, all persons who have authorized access to the data base use the same password; therefore, no accountability can be achieved. Currently, dynamic or one-time passwords, which are different for each log-on, are preferred over fixed passwords. Dynamic passwords are created by a token that is programmed to generate passwords randomly. The management of those passwords is part of Preventive control.
Due is not related to: A. Good faith B. Prudent man C. Profit D. Best interest
Answer: C
Explanation: This is obviously a term not related to Profit, a “due” is not going to give us profit, its going to give us the opposite. Its always a good practice to pay your due. This can be learned in the real life. A Prudent man always pays its due, also a Good faith men pays them. This term is not related to profit.
Which of the following is not an Orange Book-defined life cycle assurance requirement? A. Security testing B. Design specification and testing C. Trusted distribution D. System integrity
Answer: D Explanation: Life cycle assurance is more than configuration management. Reference: “Operational assurance focuses on the basic features and architecture of a system that lend themselves to supporting security. There are five requirements or elements of operation assurance: System architecture System integrity Covert channel analysis Trusted facility management Trusted Recovery ISC CISSP Exam "Pass Any Exam. Any Time." - www.actualtests.com 550 Life cycle assurance focuses on the controls and standards that are necessary for designing, building, and maintaining a system. The following are the four requirements or elements of life cycle assurance: Security testing Design specification and testing Configuration Management Trusted distribution” Pg 398 Tittel
What is another name for the Orange Book?
A. The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC)
B. The Trusted Computing Base (TCB)
C. The Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC)
D. The Common Criteria
Answer: A
Explanation: The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a collection of criteria used to grade or rate the security offered by a computer system product. The TCSEC is sometimes referred to as “the Orange Book” because of its orange cover. The current version is dated 1985 (DOD 5200.28-STD, Library No.S225,711) The TCSEC, its interpretations and guidelines all have different color covers, and are sometimes known as the “Rainbow Series”.
A password that is the same for each log-on session is called a? A. “one-time password” B. “two-time password” C. static password D. dynamic password
Answer: C
Explanation: A Static password is one that remains the same until its changed. Its like the password that we use in the operating systems, you set it, and then you always use the same password to logon to the system for the time of the session. This password will give us access to the system and will be the vehicle to create our access token in a successful way to get our privileges. A one-time password is only valid for one use, dynamic ones change every certain condition is met, and two-time passwords can only be used two times. We can provide certain times of access with this kind of passwords.
Which of the following backup methods is most appropriate for off-site archiving? A. Incremental backup method. B. Off-site backup method. C. Full backup method. D. Differential backup method.
Answer: C
Explanation: Since we want to maintain the backups offsite, its always better to send FULLBackups because they contain a consistent base of the system. We perform the beginning of a restore through a full backup. Remember that the backups stored offsite are in most cases in a secure place, full backup in there are a best practice for any network administrator. With incremental or differential backups we don’t have all we need to restore a system to a consistent state. We need to start from the full backup. “Offsite Backup” is not a valid backup method.
Which of the following is not a weakness of symmetric cryptography? A. Limited security B. Key distribution C. Speed D. Scalability
Answer: C
Explanation: In secret key cryptography, a single key is used for both encryption and decryption. The sender uses the key (or some set of rules) to encrypt the plaintext and sends the cipher text to the receiver. The receiver applies the same key (or rule set) to decrypt the message and recover the plaintext. Because a single key is used for both functions, secret key cryptography is also called symmetric encryption. With this form of cryptography, it is obvious that the key must be known to both the sender and the receiver; that, in fact, is the secret. The biggest difficulty with this approach, of course, is the distribution of the key. Symmetric encryption is around 1000 times faster than Asymmetric encryption, the second is commonly used just to encrypt the keys for Symmetric Cryptography.
Which of the following is not a defined layer in the TCP/IP protocol model? A. Application layer B. Session layer C. Internet layer D. Network access layer
Answer: B
Explanation: The TCP/IP reference model is the network model used in the current Internet architecture. It has its origins back in the 1960’s with the grandfather of the Internet, the ARPANET. This was a research network sponsored by the Department of Defense in the United States. The reference model was named after two of its main protocols, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol). They choose to build a packet-switched network based on a connectionless internet layer. Here is a representation of it:
Rewritable and erasable (CDR/W) optical disk are sometimes used for backups that require short time storage for changeable data, but require? A. Faster file access than tape. B. Slower file access than tape. C. Slower file access than drive. D. Slower file access than scale.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is true, when we use optical media like CD´s to make our backups we need a constant throughput on the file access and data transfer inside the disk because of the risk to get a buffer overrun error in the CD writer. If the buffer user by the CD burner is empty and the Hard disk does not provide data for that time, the Backup will be unsuccessful. This can be solved with a Technology known as “Burn Proof”.
Which one of the following is not a primary component or aspect of firewall systems? A. Protocol filtering B. Packet switching C. Rule enforcement engine D. Extended logging capability
Answer: B
Explanation: This is not a main function of a firewall, packet switching is a main feature of a Switch (working only in the layer 2 of the OSI model). Firewall are network security devices that can function through layer 2 to layer 7 of the OSI model. They usually include rule engine that enforce the enterprise security policy of the company. They provide protocol filtering to enforce our requirements through the forwarded or deny of traffic. They also provide logging capabilities so we can analyze what is happening in a very low level in our network.
What are database views used for?
A. To ensure referential integrity.
B. To allow easier access to data in a database.
C. To restrict user access to data in a database.
D. To provide audit trails.
Answer: C
Explanation: Through the use of a view we can provide security for the organization restricting users access to certain data or to the real tables containing the information in our database. For example, we can create a view that brings data from 3 tables, only showing 2 of the 4 columns in each. Instead of giving access to the tables that contain the information, we give access to the view, so the user can access this fixed information but does not have privileges over the tables containing it. This provides security.
Which of the following Common Data Network Services is used to send and receive email internally or externally through an email gateway device? A. File services B. Mail services C. Print services D. Client/Server services
Answer: B
Explanation: This functionality is provided through mail services, this service permits collaboration between users in an internal and external level. We usually use two protocols, “SMTP” in port TCP 25 to send the emails and “POP3” in port TCP 110 to receive them. Currently there is another protocol that is gaining popularity, it is “IMAP4”. Print services are used for printing documents and file services are used to share and access files and folders inside the infrastructure.
Intrusion detection has which of the following sets of characteristics.
A. It is adaptive rather than preventive.
B. It is administrative rather than preventive.
C. It is disruptive rather than preventative.
D. It is detective rather than preventative.
Answer: D
Explanation: This is one of the features of intrusion detections, instead of being pro-active, it has a reactive behavior. When we set an IDS system inside of our network or hosts, the IDS agent is constantly monitoring in real time what activities are being performed in the infrastructure. If the IDS founds a malicious activity taking place it can take actions against it like disabling interfaces, alerting the administrators or sending network attacks to the source to put it out of service. As a difference to the detective behavior of IDS, we can also increase the security with practices like hardening our systems ,this is considered a preventive practice.
Which type of password provides maximum security because a new password is required for each now log-on is defined to as? A. One-time or dynamic password B. Cognitive password C. Static password D. Pass phrase
Answer: A
Explanation: “One-time” or “dynamic” password technology concept is having your remote host already know a password that is not going to go over insecure channels and when you connect, you get a challenge. You take the challenge information and password and plug it into an algorithm which generates the response that should get the same answer if the password is the same on the both sides. Therefore the password never goes over the network, nor is the same challenge used twice. Unlike SecurID or SNK, with S/key you do not share a secret with the host. Other one time password technology is card systems where each user gets a card that generates numbers that allow access to their account. Without the card, it is improbable to guess the numbers.
They in form of credit card-size memory cards or smart cards, or those resembling small calculators, are used to supply static and dynamic passwords are called? A. Token Ring B. Tokens C. Token passing networks D. Coupons
Answer: B
Explanation: Tokens are usually used to provide authentication through “What we have”, is most commonly implemented to provide two-factor authentication. For example, SecurID requires two pieces of information, a password and a token. The token is usually generated by the SecurID token – a small electronic device that users keep with them that display a new number every 60 seconds. Combining this number with the users password allows the SecurID server to determine whatever or not the user should be granted access.
Which of the following uses a directed graph to specify the rights that a subject can transfer to an object, or that a subject can take from another subject? A. Take-Grant model B. Access Matrix model C. Biba model D. Bell-Lapadula model
Answer: A
Explanation: The Take-Grant System is a model that helps in determining the protection rights (e.g., read or write) in a computer system. The Take-Grant system was introduced by Jones, Lipton, and Snyder to show that it is possible to decide on the safety of a computer system even when the number of subjects and objects are very large, or unbound. This can be accomplished in linear time based on the initial size of the system. The take-grant system models a protection system which consists of a set of states and state transitions. A directed graph shows the connections between the nodes of this system. These nodes are representative of the subjects or objects of the model. The directed edges between the nodes represent the rights that one node has over the linked node.
Which of the following is the BEST way to prevent software license violations?
A. Implementing a corporate policy on copyright infringements and software use.
B. Requiring that all PCs be diskless workstations.
C. Installing metering software on the LAN so applications can be accessed through the metered software.
D. Regularly scanning used PCs to ensure that unauthorized copies of software have not been loaded on the PC.
Answer: D
Explanation: Since its impossible to control all the efforts of the users to install software without the proper licenses in their PC´s (Specially downloaded from the Internet), the best way to prevent licenses violations is through regular audit to every single user PC to see what’s the installed programs are and what’s the nature of them (Shareware, freeware, licensed). We cant use LAN monitoring software because not all the applications are network enabled, also, there is usually a policy about software installation, but the users do not rely on them many times. It also a very nice practice to punish the users making software license violations.
Zip/Jaz drives, SyQuest, and Bemoulli boxes are very transportable and are often the standard for? A. Data exchange in many businesses. B. Data change in many businesses. C. Data compression in many businesses. D. Data interchange in many businesses.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is the primary use of this kind of devices, since they are very portable (a medium-size external box) and they provide standard interfaces to the PC, they are usually used in data exchange because of their high capacity in comparison to the 3.5 floppy diskettes. We can make changes in the media used by this devices, but is not their primary use. Compression is not the best feature of this devices, their usually depend on File system compression. Absolutely, the best use of this boxes is for data exchange.
What are two types of system assurance?
A. Operational Assurance and Architecture Assurance. B. Design Assurance and Implementation Assurance.
C. Architecture Assurance and Implementation Assurance.
D. Operational Assurance and Life-Cycle Assurance.
Answer: D
Explanation: Software Systems Quality Assurance (SQA) is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the evaluation of the quality of and adherence to software product standards, processes, and procedures. SQA includes the process of assuring that standards and procedures are established and are followed throughout the software acquisition life cycle. Compliance with agreed-upon standards and procedures is evaluated through process monitoring, product evaluation, and audits. Software development and control processes should include quality assurance approval points, where an SQA evaluation of the product may be done in relation to the applicable standards. The 2 types available are : Operational assurance (that specified that the operation compiles with the required) and Life-Cycle assurance (that specifies that the system has passed through all the Software life-cycle).
Why does compiled code pose more risk than interpreted code?
A. Because malicious code can be embedded in the compiled code and can be difficult to detect.
B. Because the browser can safely execute all interpreted applets.
C. Because compilers are not reliable.
D. It does not. Interpreted code poses more risk than compiled code.
Answer: A
Explanation: Since the compiled code has already been translated to binary language (the language understanded natively by the computers), its very difficult for us (the humans) to detect malicious code inside an application, this is because its not apparently visible, you have to find that malicious code through the behavior of the program. Instead, when we talk about Interpreted code, we use a language interpreter, that is a piece of software that allows the end-user to write a program in some human-readable language, and have this program executed directly by the interpreter. This is in contrast to language compilers, that translate the human-readable code into machinereadable code, so that the end-user can execute the machine-readable code at a later time. This is far more easier to detect malicious code inside the programs, you just need to see what piece of code produced the undesired action.
Which model, based on the premise that the quality of a software product is a direct function of the quality of its associated software development and maintenance processes, introduced five levels with which the maturity of an organization involved in the software process is evaluated?
A. The Total Quality Model (TQM)
B. The IDEAL Model
C. The Software Capability Maturity Model
D. The Spiral Model
Answer: C
Explanation: The Capability Maturity Model for Software describes the principles and practices underlying software process maturity and is intended to help software organizations improve the maturity of their software processes in terms of an evolutionary path from ad hoc, chaotic processes to mature, disciplined software processes. The CMM is organized into five maturity levels: 1) Initial. The software process is characterized as ad hoc, and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes are defined, and success depends on individual effort and heroics. 2) Repeatable. Basic project management processes are established to track cost, schedule, and functionality. The necessary process discipline is in place to repeat earlier successes on projects with similar applications. 3) Defined. The software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized, and integrated into a standard software process for the organization. All projects use an approved, tailored version of the organization’s standard software process for developing and maintaining software. 4) Managed. Detailed measures of the software process and product quality are collected. Both the software process and products are quantitatively understood and controlled. 5) Optimizing. Continuous process improvement is enabled by quantitative feedback from the process and from piloting innovative ideas and technologies.
Phreakers are hackers who specialize in telephone fraud. What type of telephone fraud simulates the tones of coins being deposited into a payphone? A. Red Boxes B. Blue Boxes C. White Boxes D. Black Boxes
Answer: A
Explanation: The Red box basically simulates the sounds of coins being dropped into the coin slot of a payphone. The traditional Red Box consisting of a pair of Wien-bridge oscillators with the timing controlled by 555 timer chips. The Blue Box, The mother of all boxes, The first box in history, which started the whole phreaking scene. Invented by John Draper (aka “Captain Crunch”) in the early 60s, who discovered that by sending a tone of 2600Hz over the telephone lines of AT&T, it was possible to make free calls. A Black Box is a device that is hooked up to your phone that fixes your phone so that when you get a call, the caller doesn’t get charged for the call. This is good for calls up to 1/2 hour, after 1/2 hour the Phone Co. gets suspicious, and then you can guess what happens. The White Box turns a normal touch tone keypad into a portable unit. This kind of box can be commonly found in a phone shop.
What is the proper term to refer to a single unit of Ethernet data? A. Ethernet segment B. Ethernet datagram C. Ethernet frame D. Ethernet packet
Answer: C
Explanation: Ethernet traffic is transported in units of a frame, where each frame has a definite beginning and end. Here is an Ethernet frame:
Which of the following represents an ALE calculation?
A. Singe loss expectancy x annualized rate of occurrence.
B. Gross loss expectancy x loss frequency.
C. Actual replacement cost – proceeds of salvage.
D. Asset value x loss expectancy.
Answer: A
Explanation: ALE (Annualized Loss Expectancy) calculations are a component of every risk analysis process. ALE calculations when done properly portray risk accurately. ALE calculations provide meaningful cost/benefit analysis. ALE calculations are used to:
SLE x ARO = ALE
IF an operating system permits executable objects to be used simultaneously by multiple users without a refresh of the objects, what security problem is most likely to exist?
A. Disclosure of residual data.
B. Unauthorized obtaining of a privileged execution state.
C. Data leakage through covert channels.
D. Denial of service through a deadly embrace.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is a well known issue knew by many programmers, since the operating system is allowing the executables to be used by many users in different sessions at the same time, and there is not refreshing every certain time, there will be a disclosure of residual data. To fix this we need to get sure that objects are refreshed frequently, for added security its better an OS that does not allow the use of an executable object by many users at the same time.
Tape arrays use a large device with multiple (sometimes 32 or 64) tapes that are configured as a? A. Single array B. Dual array C. Triple array D. Quadruple array
Answer: A
Explanation: This is the function of a tape robot/changer working on a media library / jukebox. We can get as many as 32 / 64 or even more tapes action as a single logical unit. You can have a robot that changes and retrieves the different tapes when they are needed, so you see the whole bunch of tapes as it’s a single logical storage solution for you. This kind of solutions are very expensive.
Why would anomaly detection IDSs often generate a large number of false positives?
A. Because they can only identify correctly attacks they already know about.
B. Because they are application-based are more subject to attacks.
C. Because they cant identify abnormal behavior.
D. Because normal patterns of user and system behavior can vary wildly.
Answer: D
Explanation: One of the most obvious reasons why false alarms occur is because tools are stateless. To detect an intrusion, simple pattern matching of signatures is often insufficient. However, that’s what most tools do. Then, if the signature is not carefully designed, there will be lots of matches. For example, tools detect attacks in sendmail by looking for the words “DEBUG” or “WIZARD” as the first word of a line. If this is in the body of the message, it’s in fact innocuous, but if the tool doesn’t differentiate between the header and the body of the mail, then a false alarm is generated. Finally, there are many events happening in the course of the normal life of any system or network that can be mistaken for attacks. A lot of sysadmin activity can be catalogued as anomalous. Therefore, a clear correlation between attack data and administrative data should be established to cross-check that everything happening on a system is actually desired. Normal patterns and user activities are usually confused with attacks by IDS devices, its expected that the 2nd generations IDS systems will decrease the percent of false positives.
According to private sector data classification levels, how would salary levels and medical information be classified? A. Public B. Sensitive C. Private D. Confidential
Answer: C
Explanation: According to the classification levels of the private sector, this information is classified as Private because this information is from a personal nature. There is no need for other employees to see details about your health or you salary range, this can lead to internal problems inside the company, problems like jealous employees.
Which of the following is used in database information security to hide information? A. Inheritance B. Polyinstantiation C. Polymorphism D. Delegation
Answer: B
Explanation: Polyinstantiation represents an environment characterized by information stored in more than one location in the database. This permits a security model with multiple levels-of-view and authorization. The current problem with polyinstantiation is ensuring the integrity of the information in the database. Without an effective method for the simultaneous updating of all occurrences of the same data element - integrity cannot be guaranteed.
Which of the following evaluates the product against the specification? A. Verification B. Validation C. Concurrence D. Accuracy
Answer: A
Explanation: This is the proper term, “Verification”, this term is used when we are making a comparison of a product against a specification. For example, you can have a product that is build on open standards, you can have a proof of that by making a “verification” of it against the standards or specifications included in those.
Application Level Firewalls are commonly a host computer running proxy server software, which makes a? A. Proxy Client B. Proxy Session C. Proxy System D. Proxy Server
Answer: D
Explanation: A proxy server is a server that sits between a client and server application, such as a Web browser and a source web server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the original source web server. Firewalls usually provides this kind of services to have more control over user request and allow / deny the traffic of those through the gateway. At this time the most common Proxy server is for HTTP protocol, we can also have proxies for SMTP and FTP.
What attack involves the perpetrator sending spoofed packet(s) with the SYN flag set to the victim’s machine on any open port that is listening? A. Bonk attack B. Land attack C. Teardrop attack D. Smurf attack
Answer: B
Explanation: The Land attack involves the perpetrator sending spoofed packet(s) with the SYN flag set to the victim’s machine on any open port that is listening. If the packet(s) contain the same destination and source IP address as the host, the victim’s machine could hang or reboot. In addition, most systems experience a total freeze up, where as CTRL-ALT-DELETE fails to work, the mouse and keyboard become non operational and the only method of correction is to reboot via a reset button on the system or by turning the machine off. Vulnerable Systems: This will affect almost all Windows 95, Windows NT, Windows for Workgroups systems that are not properly patched and allow Net Bios over TCP/IP. In addition, machines running services such as HTTP, FTP, Identd, etc that do not filter packet(s), that contain the same source / destination IP address, can still be vulnerable to attack through those ports. Prevention: This attack can be prevented for open / listening ports by filtering inbound packets containing the same source / destination IP address at the router or firewall level. For most home users not running a lot of services, and for those who use IRC, disabling the Identd server within their client will stop most attacks since the identd service (113) is becoming the most attacked service/port.
Most of unplanned downtime of information systems is attributed to which of the following? A. Hardware failure B. Natural disaster C. Human error D. Software failure
Answer: A
Explanation: This is what the static’s says. Most of the downtime is cause of unexpected hardware failure. Commonly you just replace the FRU (Field replazable unit) when they fail. Usually a well written software does not fail if the hardware is running correctly. The human errors are controllable and natural disasters are not very often. Hardware failure is very common, it’s a good practice to have spare disks, NIC and any other hardware FRU´s in your company to minimize the downtime with quick replacements.
Raid that functions as part of the operating system on the file server A. Software implementation B. Hardware implementation C. Network implementation D. Netware implementation
Answer: A
Explanation: This kind of RAID is totally depended on the operating system, this is because the server does not have any special hardware - RAID controller in the board. This kind of RAID implementation usually degrades performance because it takes many CPU cycles. A very common example of software RAID is the support for it on Windows 2000 Server, where you can create RAID 0,1 and 5 through heterogeneous disks, you can even make a RAID between one SCSI and one EIDE disk. The software implementation is hardware independent always that the disks are recognized by the Operating System.
During which phase of an IT system life cycle are security requirements developed? A. Operation B. Initiation C. Development D. Implementation
Answer: B
Explanation: In this phase, user needs are identified and the basic security objectives of the product are acknowledged. It must be determined if the product will be processing sensitive data, and if so, the levels of sensitivity involved should be defined. An initial risk analysis should be initiated that evaluates threats and vulnerabilities to estimate the cost/ benefit ratios of the different security countermeasures. Issues pertaining to security integrity, confidentiality, and availability need to be addressed. The level of each security attribute should be focused upon so a clear direction of security controls can begin to take shape. A basic security framework is designed for the project to follow, and risk management processes are established. Risk management will continue throughout the lifetime of the project. Risk information may start to be gathered and evaluated in the project initiation phase, but it will become more granular in nature as the phases graduate into the functional design and design-specification phase.
Ensuring that printed reports reach proper users and that receipts are signed before releasing sensitive documents are examples of? A. Deterrent controls B. Output controls C. Information flow controls D. Asset controls
Answer: B
Explanation: Since we want to deal with printer reports, we are talking about output controls, Why, because printer produce output, and we can control it. As a best practice you can have people dedicated in the company to receive the different print jobs in the printing center, and people that takes care of the confidential information requiring a signature from the sender stating that the document was delivered to the owner in a timely and secure fashion.
Non-Discretionary Access Control. A central authority determines what subjects can have access to certain objects based on the organizational security policy. The access controls may be based on?
A. The societies role in the organization.
B. The individual’s role in the organization.
C. The group-dynamics as they relate to the individual’s role in the organization.
D. The group-dynamics as they relate to the master-slave role in the organization.
Answer: B
Explanation: An access control model defines a computer and/or network system’s rules for user access to information resources. Access control models provide confidentiality, integrity and also provide accountability through audit trails. An audit trail documents the access of an object by a subject with a record of what operations were performed. Operations include: read, write, execute and own. Non-Discretionary Access Control is usually role-based, centrally administered with authorization decisions based on the roles individuals have within an organization (e.g. bank teller, loan officer, etc. in a banking model). A system’s security administrator grants and/or revokes system privileges based on a user’s role. This model works well for corporations with a large turnover of personnel.
An effective information security policy should not have which of the following characteristics?
A. Include separation of duties.
B. Be designed with a short-to mid-term focus.
C. Be understandable and supported by all stakeholders.
D. Specify areas of responsibility and authority.
Answer: B
Explanation: This is not a very good practice, specially for the CISSP examination, when you plan and develop the security policy for your enterprise you should always plan it with a long term focus. The policy should be created to be there for a long time, and you should only make revisions of it every certain time to comply with changes or things that could have changed. In a security policy the duties should be well specified, be understandable by the people involved in it, and specify areas of responsibility.
Which of the following statements pertaining to secure information processing facilities is incorrect?
A. Walls should have an acceptable fire rating.
B. Windows should be protected by bars.
C. Doors must resist forcible entry.
D. Location and type of fire suppression systems should be known.
Answer: B
Explanation: The correct answer can be determined through elimination. We need to have an acceptable fire rating for the walls, this is well known for any CISSP aspirant, its like that because we need to contain the fire as much as we can. We also need resistant doors so unauthorized people do not enter easily using the force. The people also need to know about fire suppression systems to be able to deal with a fire situation inside the facilities. As you can see, We should not protect windows with bars, this is a bad practice because, in the case of a fire, the people cannot get out of the building through the windows.
Making sure that the data is accessible when and where it is needed is which of the following? A. Confidentiality B. Integrity C. Acceptability D. Availability
Answer: D
Explanation: This is one of the pillars of network security. We can say that the data is available if we can access to it when we need it. This what is referred in the question, Availability refers to get access to data when and where you need it. Confidentiality deals with encryption and data protection against third party interception. Integrity deals with digital signatures and assures that the data has not changed. Acceptability is not a related term.
Business continuity plan development depends most on? A. Directives of Senior Management B. Business Impact Analysis (BIA) C. Scope and Plan Initiation D. Skills of BCP committee
Answer: B
Explanation: Business continuity is of course a vital activity. However, prior to the creation of a business continuity plan, it is essential to consider the potential impacts of disaster and to understand the underlying risks. It is now widely accepted that both business impact analysis and risk analysis are vital components of the business continuity process. However, many organizations are unsure of how to approach these important disciplines. BIA is important because it provides management level analysis by which an organization assesses the quantitative (financial) and qualitative (non-financial) impacts, effects and loss that might result if the organization were to suffer a Business Continuity E/I/C. The findings from a BIA are used to make decisions concerning Business Continuity Management strategy and solutions.
Which layer defines the X.25, V.35, X,21 and HSSI standard interfaces? A. Transport layer B. Network layer C. Data link layer D. Physical layer
Answer: D
Explanation: The Physical Layer is the layer that is concerned with the signaling of the message and the interface between the sender or receiver and the medium. The physical layer is generally defined by one of the standards bodies and carries a designation that indicates the characteristics of the connection. Among frequently used physical layers standards are EIA-232-D, ITU V.35, and some of the X series (X.21/X.21bis, for example).
Related to information security, availability is the opposite of which of the following? A. Delegation B. Distribution C. Documentation D. Destruction
Answer: D
Explanation: This is the correct term, remember that Availability refers to get access to data when and where you need it. When we talk about destruction, we are saying the opposite, if your information is destroyed, you cant access to it neither when or where you want it. Delegation deals with permissions, distribution deals with deployment and documentation deals with information and how to´s. The term we are looking here is definitively “destruction”
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a behavior-based ID system?
A. The activity and behavior of the users while in the networked system may not be static enough to effectively implement a behavior-based ID system.
B. The activity and behavior of the users while in the networked system may be dynamic enough to effectively implement a behavior-based ID system.
C. The activity and behavior of the users while in the networked system may not be dynamic enough to effectively implement a behavior-based ID system.
D. The system is characterized by high false negative rates where intrusions are missed.
Answer: A
Explanation: Behavior-based intrusion detection techniques assume that an intrusion can be detected by observing a deviation from normal or expected behavior of the system or the users. The model of normal or valid behavior is extracted from reference information collected by various means. The intrusion detection system later compares this model with the current activity. When a deviation is observed, an alarm is generated. In other words, anything that does not correspond to a previously learned behavior is considered intrusive. The high false alarm rate is generally cited as the main drawback of behavior-based techniques because the entire scope of the behavior of an information system may not be covered during the learning phase. Also, behavior can change over time, introducing the need for periodic online retraining of the behavior profile, resulting either in unavailability of the intrusion detection system or in additional false alarms. To get the most out of this kind of IDS you need to have very static behavior on your network and the user actions, this is because any new thing is considered dangerous, providing many false-positives but increased
security. If you are in a very “dynamic” environment these kind of IDS system is not recommended.
Which of the following statements pertaining to VPN protocol standards is false?
A. L2TP is a combination of PPTP and L2F.
B. L2TP and PPTP were designed for single point-to-point client to server communication.
C. L2TP operates at the network layer.
D. PPTP uses native PPP authentication and encryption services.
Answer: C
Explanation: The Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol (L2TP) is an emerging Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard that combines the best features of two existing tunneling protocols: Cisco’s Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) and Microsoft’s Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). L2TP is an extension to the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is an important component for VPNs. VPNs allow users and telecommuters to connect to their corporate intranets or extranets. VPNs are costeffective because users can connect to the Internet locally and tunnel back to connect to corporate resources. This not only reduces overhead costs associated with traditional remote access methods, but also improves flexibility and scalability. PPTP and L2TP are Layer 2 tunneling protocols; both encapsulate the payload in a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frame to be sent across an intermediate network.
What is the most critical characteristic of a biometric identifying system? A. Perceived intrusiveness B. Storage requirements C. Accuracy D. Reliability
Answer: C
Explanation: The principle of biometrics is to use some unique characteristic to identify whether the person is who they say they are. Biometrics works by matching or verifying a person’s unique traits with stored data in two categories: physiological characteristics and those that are behavioral. Physical indicators include iris, fingerprint, facial, or hand geometry. Behavior types are usually voiceprints, keystroke dynamics and handwritten signatures. Most biometric technologies require special hardware to convert analog measurements of signatures, voices, or patterns of fingerprints and palm prints, to digital measurement, which computers can read. The biggest characteristic and problem of biometric implementations today is the accuracy, we must see the level of accuracy before buying a solution, because the technology is not perfect at this time and it can be erroneous sometimes.
RAID Software can run faster in the operating system because neither use the hardware-level parity drives by?
A. Simple striping or mirroring.
B. Hard striping or mirroring.
C. Simple hamming code parity or mirroring.
D. Simple striping or hamming code parity.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is true, if we do not use parity in our RAID implementation, like RAID 1 (Mirroring) or RAID 0 (Stripping) we can improve performance because the CPU does not need waste cycles to make the parity calculations. For example this can be achieved in Windows 2000 server through the use of RAID 0 (No fault tolerance, just stripping in 64kb chunks) or RAID 1 (Mirroring through a file system driver). This is not the case of RAID 5 that actually use parity to provide fault tolerance.
The guarantee that the message sent is the message received, and that the message was not intentionally or unintentionally altered is? A. Integrity B. Confidentiality C. Availability D. Identity
Answer: A
Explanation: Here are 2 definitions for Data Integrity: Availability refers to get access to data when and where you need it. Confidentiality deals with encryption and data protection against third party interception. Identity deals with authentication.
Which of the following is a preventive control? A. Motion detectors B. Guard dogs C. Audit logs D. Intrusion detection systems
Answer: B
Explanation: This is very obvious. Since we want to prevent something from happening, we can go out and buy some Guard dogs to make the job. You are buying them because you want to prevent something from happening. The intruder will see the dogs and will maybe go back, this prevents an attack, this dogs are a form of preventive control. Motion Detectors and IDS are realtime, Audit Logs are passive.
What uses a key of the same length as the message? A. Running key cipher B. One-time pad C. Steganography D. Cipher block chaining
Answer: B
Explanation: The one time pad is the most secure, and one of the simplest of all cryptographic methods. It was invented and patented just after World War I by Gilbert Vernam (of AT&T) and Joseph Mauborgne (USA, later chief of the Signal Corps). The fundamental features are that the sender and receiver each have a copy of an encryption key, which is as long as the message to be encrypted, and each key is used for only one message and then discarded. That key must be random, that is without pattern, and must remain unknown to any attacker. In addition, the key must never be reused, otherwise the cipher becomes trivially breakable. One of its features it’s the key length, it’s the same as the message.
Which of the following protocols operates at the session layer (layer 5)? A. RPC B. IGMP C. LDP D. SPX
Answer: A
Explanation: The socket method of network use is a message-based system, in which one process writes a message to another. This is a long way from the procedural model. The remote procedure call is intended to act like a procedure call, but to act across the network transparently. The process makes a remote procedure call by pushing its parameters and a return address onto the stack, and jumping to the start of the procedure. The procedure itself is responsible for accessing and using the network. After the remote execution is over, the procedure jumps back to the return address. The calling process then continues. RPC works at the Session layer of the OSI model.
Which of the following are NOT a countermeasure to traffic analysis? A. Padding messages B. Eavesdropping C. Sending noise D. Covert channel analysis
Answer: B
Explanation: Lets do this with a elimination process. With padding messages you can countermeasure traffic analysis because you add garbage information to the message to let in end in a fixed length, this can confuse the analyzer. Sending noise on the communication line could also countermeasure analysis because the analyzer don’t now how to differentiate between real information and noise. You can also covert channel analysis. Eavesdropping does not apply in this situation, its not considered a counter measure to traffic analysis.
Which of the following layers of the ISO/OSI model do packet filtering firewalls operate at? A. Application layer B. Session layer C. Network layer D. Presentation layer
Answer: C
Explanation: Packet filtering firewalls work at the network level of the OSI model, or the IP layer of TCP/IP. These firewalls are normally part of a router, which is a device that receives and forwards packets to networks. “In a packet filtering firewall each packet is compared to a set of criteria before it is forwarded. Depending on the packet and the criteria, the firewall can drop the packet, forward it, or send a message to the originator.” The criteria used to evaluate a packet include source, destination IP address, destination port, and protocol used. These types of firewalls are low in cost and don’t have much of an impact on the network’s performance.
A prolonged high voltage is? A. Spike B. Blackout C. Surge D. Fault
Answer: C
Explanation:
How do the Information Labels of Compartmented Mode Workstation differ from the Sensitivity Levels of B3 evaluated systems?
A. Information Labels in CMW are homologous to Sensitivity Labels, but a different term was chosen to emphasize that CMW’s are not described in the Orange Book.
B. Information Labels contain more information than Sensitivity Labels, thus allowing more granular access decisions to be made.
C. Sensitivity Labels contain more information than Information Labels because B3+ systems should store more sensitive data than workstations.
D. Information Labels contain more information than Sensitivity Labels, but are not used by the Reference Monitor to determine access permissions.
Answer: D
Explanation: The primary goal of the compartmented mode workstation (CMW) project was to articulate the security requirements that workstations must meet to process highly classified intelligence data. As a basis for the validity of the requirements developed, a prototype was implemented which demonstrated that workstations could meet the requirements in an operationally useful manner while still remaining binary compatible with off-the-shelf software. The security requirements not only addressed traditional security concerns but also introduced concepts in areas such as labeling and the use of a trusted window management system. The CMW labeling paradigm is based on associating two types of security labels with objects: sensitivity levels and information labels. Sensitivity levels describe the levels at which objects must be protected. Information labels are used to prevent data over classification and also provide a mechanism for associating with data those markings that are required for accurate data labeling, but which play no role in access control decisions. The use of a trusted window manager allows users to easily operate at multiple sensitivity levels and provides a convenient mechanism for communicating security information to users in a relatively unobtrusive manner. Information labels are not used by reference monitor, permissions are referenced in Sensibility labels.
In what security mode can a system be operating if all users have the clearance or authorization and need-to-know to all data processed within the system? A. Dedicated security mode. B. System-high security mode. C. Compartmented security mode. D. Multilevel security mode.
Answer: A
Explanation: An information-system (IS) security mode of operation wherein each user with direct or indirect access to the system, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts, has all of the following: (a) a valid security clearance for all information within the system; (b) formal access approval and signed nondisclosure agreements for all the information stored and/or processed (including all compartments, sub compartments, and/or special access programs); and (c) a valid need-to-know for all information contained within the IS. When in the dedicated security mode, a system is specifically and exclusively dedicated to and controlled for the processing of one particular type or classification of information, either for full-time operation or for a specified period of time.
What are the three conditions that must be met by the reference monitor?
A. Confidentiality, availability and integrity.
B. Policy, mechanism and assurance.
C. Isolation, layering and abstraction.
D. Isolation, completeness and verifiability.
Answer: D
Explanation: These are three of the main characteristics of a Reference Monitor. You need Isolation, because it cant be of public access, the less access the better. It must have a sense of completeness to provide the whole information and process cycles. It must be verifiable, to provide security, audit and accounting functions.
While referring to Physical Security, what does Positive pressurization means?
A. The pressure inside your sprinkler system is greater than zero.
B. The air goes out of a room when a door is opened and outside air does not go into the room.
C. Causes the sprinkler system to go off.
D. A series of measures that increase pressure on employees in order to make them more productive.
Answer: B
Explanation: Positive Pressurization is a condition that exists when more air is supplied to a space than is exhausted, so the air pressure within that space is greater than that in surrounding areas. This condition can cause the situation mentioned above in the answer B, you can make air go out of a room but not enter to it from the outside.
The baseline sets certain thresholds for specific errors or mistakes allowed and the amount of these occurrences that can take place before it is considered suspicious? A. Checkpoint level B. Ceiling level C. Clipping level D. Threshold level
Answer: C
Explanation: According to CISSP documentation, this is the proper term, The Clipping level is used to determine suspicious occurrences that are a production of errors or mistakes. Checkpoint level is not a related term. Ceiling level is not related to baselines. Threshold level is attractive, but is not the correct term. Take a look at your CISSP documentation.
The most prevalent cause of computer center fires is which of the following? A. AC equipment B. Electrical distribution systems. C. Heating systems D. Natural causes
Answer: B
Explanation: According to static’s, this is the greatest cause, Electrical distribution systems, specially those not installed through standards are very prone to fail and make fire inside places. AC equipment its not very prone to make fire. Natural causes it’s a possibility but is definitively not the most prevalent cause. Heating systems are a very rare case of Fire beginners.
An offsite backup facility intended to operate an information processing facility, having no computer or communications equipment, but having flooring, electrical writing, air conditioning, etc. Is better known as a? A. Hot site B. Duplicate processing facility C. Cold site D. Warm site
Answer: C
Explanation: A cold site has all the appropriate power requirements, and floor space to install the hardware and to enable you to recreate your computer environment, but does not provide the actual equipment. Many of the companies that provide hot sites also provide cold sites. It may be reasonable for your company to consider creating its won cold site if your company has floor space available in another location than the home site. They require much more outage than Hot sites before operations can be restored.
Which of the following are necessary components of a Multi-Level Security Policy?
A. Sensitivity Labels and a “system high” evaluation.
B. Sensitivity Labels and Discretionary Access Control.
C. Sensitivity Labels and Mandatory Access Control.
D. Object Labels and a “system high” evaluation.
Answer: C
Explanation: First implemented in Military organizations (and I think even today it’s implemented there only), this model was a significant improvement in terms of security policy implementation. This model made implementation of complex security policies very simple. It’s specifications are present in the orange book from DoD. In this model, every object is assigned a sensitivity label. Also, every user is assigned a sensitivity label. If a user’s sensitivity label is greater than or equal to the sensitivity label, he is allowed access to the object, otherwise, he is denied access. This methodology is used for creating a hierarchy of access. We can say that this method is used for partitioning the organization hierarchy horizontally. Multi-Level Security is considered a Mandatory Access Control method.
Which of the following, used to extend a network, has a storage capacity to store frames and act as a store-and-forward device? A. Bridge B. Router C. Repeater D. Gateway
Answer: A
Explanation: A bridge is a network device that connects two similar network segments together. The primary function of a bridge is to keep traffic separated on both sites of the bridge. Traffic is allowed to pass through the bridge only if the transmission is intended for a station in the opposite side. Bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI model an provides two different collision domains in Ethernet, but they only provide one broadcast domain for layer 3 an up of the OSI model. The bridge can store frames and forward them in many forms like Cut-through and Store and Forward.
Which of the following is addressed by Kerberos?
A. Authorization and authentication.
B. Validation and integrity.
C. Confidentiality and integrity.
Answer: C
Explanation: Kerberos is a network authentication protocol. It is designed to provide strong authentication for client/server applications by using secret-key cryptography. A free implementation of this protocol is available from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos is available in many commercial products as well. Kerberos was created by MIT as a solution to these network security problems. The Kerberos protocol uses strong cryptography so that a client can prove its identity to a server (and vice versa) across an insecure network connection. After a client and server has used Kerberos to prove their identity, they can also encrypt (confidentiality) all of their communications to assure privacy and data integrity as they go about their business.
Access Control techniques do not include which of the following choices? A. Relevant Access Controls B. Discretionary Access Control C. Mandatory Access Control D. Lattice Based Access Control
Answer: A
Explanation: Relevant Access Controls are not included as a Access Control Technique. Lattice-based access control models were developed in the early 1970s to deal with the confidentiality of military information. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, researchers applied these models to certain integrity concerns. Later, application of the models to the Chinese Wall policy, a confidentiality policy unique to the commercial sector, was demonstrated. Discretionary control is the most common type of access control mechanism implemented in computer systems today. The basis of this kind of security is that an individual user, or program
operating on the user’s behalf, is allowed to specify explicitly the types of access other users (or programs executing on their behalf) may have to information under the user’s control. Discretionary Access control security differs from mandatory access control security in that it implements the access control decisions of the user. Mandatory controls are driven by the results of a comparison between the user’s trust level or clearance and the sensitivity designation of the information.
Why is public key cryptography recommended for use in the process of securing facsimiles during transmission?
A. Keys are never transmitted over the network.
B. Data compression decreases key change frequency.
C. Key data is not recognizable from facsimile data.
D. The key is securely passed to the receiving machine.
Answer: D
Explanation: In this method of cryptography we use 2 keys, one to encrypt the data, and another to decrypt it. In Public Key Cryptography, the users have a public and a private key, the public key is of free distribution and is usually published in a directory, while the private keys must be keep secure. This allows the keys to pass in a secure fashion to the receiving machine, its because the public key is not confidential and can be send through a secure channel. You need to use a certification authority to make this kind of cryptography work.
Database views are not used to: A. Implement referential integrity. B. Implement least privilege. C. To implement content-dependent access restrictions. D. Implement need-to-know.
Answer: A
Explanation: A View is a display of one or more table shows that shows the table data. You can even retrieve part of the table and display the same to the user. Before a user is able to use a view, they must have both, permission on the view and all dependent objects. Views can also be used to implement security, for example you can create a view that only shows 3 of 5 columns contained in a table. Views are not used to provide integrity you can use constraints, rule or other components of database systems.
Which of the following is most concerned with personnel security? A. Management controls B. Operational controls C. Technical controls D. Human resources controls.
Answer: B
Explanation: Personnel security always have to deal more with Operational controls, Operational controls provide the guidelines and the correct procedures to implement the different operations. Management controls are usually used only by managers. Human resources and Technical Controls are not related to personal security as the question states. See the different control definitions in your CISSP documentation.
Which of the following statements pertaining to the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is incorrect?
A. With TCSEC, functionality and assurance are evaluated separately.
B. TCSEC provides a means to evaluate the trustworthiness of an information system.
C. The Orange book does not cover networks and communications.
D. Data base management systems are not covered by the TCSEC.
Answer: A
Explanation: TCSEC does not separate functionality and assurance from evaluation. It makes them a combined criteria. Just to remember, The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a collection of criteria used to grade or rate the security offered by a computer system product. The TCSEC is sometimes referred to as “the Orange Book” because of its orange cover (Orange Book deals with networks and communications). The current version is dated 1985 (DOD 5200.28-STD, Library No.S225,711) The TCSEC, its interpretations and guidelines all have different color covers, and are sometimes known as the “Rainbow Series”. Database management is also covered in TCSEC.
The Orange Book is used to evaluate whether a product contains the security properties the vendor claims it does and whether the product is appropriate for a specific application or function. The Orange Book is used to review the functionality, effectiveness, and assurance of a product during its evaluation, and it uses classes that were devised to address typical patterns of security requirements. – Shon Harris, “CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide”, 3rd Ed, p 302.
Which of the following could illegally capture network user passwords? A. Data diddling B. Sniffing C. Spoofing D. Smurfing
Answer: B
Explanation: Sniffing is the action of capture the information going over the network. Most popular way of connecting computers is through Ethernet. Ethernet protocol works by sending packet information to all the hosts on the same circuit. The packet header contains the proper address of the destination machine. Only the machine with the matching address is suppose to accept the packet. A machine that is accepting all packets, no matter what the packet header says, is said to be in promiscuous mode. Because, in a normal networking environment,
account and password information is passed along Ethernet in clear-text, it is not hard for an intruder to put a machine into promiscuous mode and by sniffing, compromise all the machines on the net by capturing password in an illegal fashion.
Which trusted facility management concept implies that two operators must review and approve the work of each other? A. Two-man control B. Dual control C. Double control D. Segregation control
Answer: A
Explanation: The proper term for this trusted facility management concept is “Two-man Control”, it means that two people must work and approve each others work to provide increased security and eliminate the possibility of one of them to hurt the company. For example they can only make changes to the system if both of them authenticate with their retina at the same time at the data center and enter their secret password This kind of work fashion is only used in highly secure environments, its not very common.
There are more than 20 books in the Rainbow Series. Which of the following covers password management guidelines? A. Orange Book B. Green Book C. Red Book D. Lavender Book
Answer: B
Explanation: The DoD Password Management Guideline was published at 12 April 1985, it is also called the “Green Book” because of the color of its cover. Here is the password definition according to it: “A character string used to authenticate an identity. Knowledge of the password that is associated with a user ID is considered proof of authorization to use the capabilities associated with that user ID.”
Which of the following is an ip address that is private? (i.e. reserved for internal networks, and not a valid address to use on the Internet)? A. 172.5.42.5 B. 172.76.42.5 C. 172.90.42.5 D. 172.16.42.5
Answer: D Explanation: The IP address 172.16.42.5 is contained in a class B reserved network, IANA reserved the 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 networks for internal use, this network its not routable in Internet and its commonly used in intranets. Class B networks are used in mediumsized networks. In class B networks, the two high order bits are always 10, and then remaining bits are used to define 16.384 networks, each with as many as 65.534 hosts attached. Examples of valid Class B networks include Microsoft and Exxon.
How fast is private key cryptography compared to public key cryptography? A. 10 to 100 times faster. B. 100 to 1000 times faster. C. 1000 to 10000 times faster. D. 10000 to 20000 times faster.
Answer: C
Explanation: Since Private Key encryption (Symmetric) only has one key for encrypt-decrypt, you need to use an alternative way to pass the shared secret in a secure manner, in our days, it’s usually done by telephone or some secure methods that not involve the channel you are trying to secure. Also, since you need one different key to encrypt-decrypt every connection, the number of keys gets huge in a little time, for example, if we have 10 users trying to communicate between themselves, we have 100 different encryption keys to manage. There is an advantage for Private key encryption, the encryption is very fast, about 1000 / 10000 times faster than asymmetric encryption.
The continual effort of making sure that the correct policies, procedures and standards are in place and being followed is described as what? A. Due care B. Due concern C. Due diligence D. Due practice
Answer: A
Explanation: “Due care means that a company did all that it could have reasonable done to try and prevent security breaches, and also took the necessary steps to ensure that if a security breach did take place, the damages were reduced because of the controls or countermeasures that existed. Due care means that a company practiced common sense and prudent management practices with responsible actions. Due diligence meants that the company properly investigated all of their possible weaknesses and vulnerabilities before carrying out any due care practices.
The following list describes some of the actions required to show that due care is being properly practiced in a corporation:
Adequate physical and logical access controls
Adequate telecommunication security, which could require encryption Proper information, application, and hardware backups Disaster recovery and business continuity plans Periodic review, drills, tests, and improvement in disaster recovery and business continuity plans Properly informing employees of expected behavior and ramifications of not following these expectations Developing a security policy, standards, procedures, and guidelines Performing security awareness training Running updated antivirus software Periodically performing penetration test from outside and inside the network Implementing dial-back or preset dialing features on remote access applications Abiding by and updating external service level agreements (SLAs) Ensuring that downstream security responsibilities are being met Implementing measure that ensure software piracy is not taking place Ensuring that proper auditing and reviewing of those audit logs are taking place Conducting background checks on potential employees”
Pg. 616 Shon Harris: CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide
Which tape format type is mostly used for home/small office backups? A. Quarter Inch Cartridge drives (QIC) B. Digital Linear Tapes (DLT) C. 8mm tape D. Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Answer: A
Explanation: QIC technology utilizates belt-driven dual-hub cartridges containing integral tape motion and guidance mechanisms, providing a rich spectrum of compatible solutions across a wide range of PC system platforms. QIC reliability is unsurpassed by any other removable storage technology. Reliability can be measured both in mean-time-between failure (MTBF) and, more practically, as a function of drive duty cycles. QIC has a worldwide installed base in excess of 15 million drives – more than twice that of any alternate removable storage technology – a level of acceptance that would have been unachievable without rock-solid reliability. QIC is the most common tape solution for SOHO.
In an organization, an Information Technology security function should:
A. Be a function within the information systems function of an organization.
B. Report directly to a specialized business unit such as legal, corporate security or insurance.
C. Be lead by a Chief Security Officer and report directly to the CEO.
D. Be independent but report to the Information Systems function.
Answer: C
Explanation: This is one of the best practices because its not good to be lead and report to the same person, in that case, that person could take possession of everything that is happening and hurt the enterprise, we can’t let that to happen with security concerns. The best practice is to always be lead by a different person that the one you report to, this can be checked in real life. An advice, always try to report to the highest person you can inside the company.
Who of the following is responsible for ensuring that proper controls are in place to address integrity, confidentiality, and availability of IT systems and data? A. Business and functional managers. B. IT Security practitioners. C. System and information owners. D. Chief information officer.
Answer: C
Explanation: This is true, the people who own the information and the equipment are the ones who need to ensure they are making everything to get integrity, confidentiality and availability. The security professionals can develop policies and show how to keep the environment secure, but it depends on the owners of the actual data to achieve the security.
The act of requiring two of the three factors to be used in the authentication process refers to? A. Two-Factor Authentication B. One-Factor Authentication C. Bi-Factor Authentication D. Double Authentication
Answer: A
Explanation: Two-Factor Authentication is a security process that confirms user identities using two distinctive factors—something you know, such as a Personal Identification Number (PIN), and something you have, such as a smart card or token. The overall strength of Two-Factor Authentication lies in the combination of both factors, something you know and something you have.
This type of backup management provides a continuous on-line backup by using optical or tape “jukeboxes”, similar to WORMs, (Write Once, Read Many)
A. Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM).
B. Hierarchical Resource Management (HRM).
C. Hierarchical Access Management (HAM).
D. Hierarchical Instance Management (HIM).
Answer: A Explanation: Hierarchical Storage Management originated in the mainframe world where it was used to minimize storage costs. The HSM name signifies that the software has the intelligence to move files along a hierarchy of storage devices that are ranked in terms of cost per megabyte of storage, speed of storage and retrieval, and overall capacity limits. Files are migrated along the hierarchy to less expensive forms of storage based on rules tied to the frequency of data access. File migration and retrieval is transparent to users. Two major factors, data access response time and storage costs determine the appropriate combination of storage devices used in HSM. A typical three tier strategy may be composed of hard drives as primary storage on the file servers, rewritable optical as the secondary storage type, and tape as the final tertiary storage location. If faster access is required, a hard drive can be considered as an alternative to optical for secondary storage, and WORM (Write Once, Read Many) optical can also be implemented, in place of tape, as the final storage destination.
Which of the following elements is not included in a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)?
A. Timestamping
B. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
C. Certificate revocation
D. Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
Answer: D
Explanation: Public key cryptography is one mechanism that is often used to fulfill the security requirements necessary to conduct electronic transactions over public networks. PKI (public key infrastructure) and cryptography based solutions are taking the lead in secure ecommerce. PKI addresses nonrepudiation of identity using a dual-key encryption system that allows users to uniquely sign documents with a digital signature. Public key cryptography uses pairs of keys, each pair consisting of one public key and one private key. Information encrypted with one key in the pair can only be decrypted with the other key. LDAP is issued to bring user information and Timestamping to track changes over time. PKI also relies on certificated and CRL (Certificate Revocation list) to discard compromised, expired digital certificates.
Which of the following best corresponds to the type of memory addressing where the address location that is specified in the program instruction contains the address of the final desired location? A. Direct addressing B. Indirect addressing C. Indexed addressing D. Program addressing
Answer:
B Explanation: An addressing mode found in many processors’ instruction sets where the instruction contains the address of a memory location which contains the address of the operand (the “effective address”) or specifies a register which contains the effective address. Indirect addressing is often combined with pre- or post- increment or decrement addressing, allowing the address of the operand to be increased or decreased by one (or some specified number) either before or after using it.
Creation and maintenance of intrusion detection systems and processes for the following is one of them identify it: A. Event nonrepudiation B. Event notification C. Netware monitoring D. Guest access
Answer: B
Explanation: There is not much to explain or comment in here, when you administer an IDS system you have to deal with the maintenance and creation of event notification processes, this have to be reviewed every certain time. This is a well known topic for any Intrusion detection system administrator. This notifications will save your life when your network is being attacked and
you get real time notifications that will allow you to shut down your external interface before the attacker gets what he was looking for.
Which of the following is true related to network sniffing?
A. Sniffers allow an attacker to monitor data passing across a network.
B. Sniffers alter the source address of a computer to disguise and exploit weak authentication methods,
C. Sniffers take over network connections.
D. Sniffers send IP fragments to a system that overlap with each other.
Answer: A
Explanation: Sniffing is the action of capture / monitor the traffic going over the network. Because, in a normal networking environment, account and password information is passed along Ethernet in clear-text, it is not hard for an intruder to put a machine into promiscuous mode and by sniffing, compromise all the machines on the net by capturing password in an illegal fashion.
Which of the following protocols is not implemented at the Internet layer of the TCP/IP protocol model?
A. User datagram protocol (UDP)
B. Internet protocol (IP)
C. Address resolution protocol (ARP)
D. Internet control message protocol (ICMP)
Answer: A
Explanation: UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications method (protocol) that offers a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between computers in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and, together with IP, is sometimes referred to as UDP/IP. Like the Transmission Control Protocol, UDP uses the Internet Protocol to actually get a data unit (called a datagram) from one computer to another. Unlike TCP, however, UDP does not provide the service of dividing a message into packets (datagrams) and reassembling it at the other end. Specifically, UDP doesn’t provide sequencing of the packets that the data arrives in. UDP is implemented at the Transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol model.
Which of the following is used to help business units understand the impact of a disruptive event? A. A risk analysis. B. A business impact assessment. C. A vulnerability assessment. D. A disaster recovery plan.
Answer: B
Explanation: A Business impact assessment can provide information in combination with the BIA to the different business units about how can an attack impact or disrupt the business. Every disaster recovery plan should include an study containing a BIA and a Business impact assessment to better understand how is going to be in the case that a business continuity disruptive event takes place.
A contingency plan should address? A. Potential risks B. Residual risks C. Identified risks D. All of the above
Answer: B
Explanation: This is true, as stated in CISSP documentation, you should address any possible “Residual Risk” at your contingency plan to minimize business impact when you are in a downtime situation. The identified Risks and the Potential Risks are not identified there, they are identified earlier.
In the OSI/ISO model, at what level is SET (SECURE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION PROTOCOL) provided? A. Application B. Network C. Presentation D. Session
Answer: A
Explanation: This protocol was created by VISA and MasterCard as a common effort to make the buying process over the Internet secure through the distribution line of those companies. It is located in layer 7 of the OSI model, the application layer. SET uses a system of locks and keys along with certified account IDs for both consumers and merchants. Then, through a unique process of “encrypting” or scrambling the information exchanged between the shopper and the online store, SET ensures a payment process that is convenient, private and most of all secure.
A packet filtering firewall looks at the data packet to get information about the source and destination addresses of an incoming packet, the session’s communications protocol (TCP, UDP or ICMP), and the source destination application port for the? A. Desired service B. Dedicated service C. Delayed service D. Distributed service.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is true, the packets filters show the desired service port (Remember that they are layer 3 devices), this is because you can have many different referenced port number in the destination port field of the different packets. You have to look for the well-known port numbers of the service desired. For example, look in port 80 for HTTP and port 21 for FTP. This is the correct terminology, see the features of Packet Filters in your CISSP documentation.
Packet Filtering Firewalls system is considered a? A. First generation firewall. B. Second generation firewall. C. Third generation firewall. D. Fourth generation firewall.
Answer: A
Explanation: Firewall technology is a young but quickly maturing industry. The first generation of firewall architectures has been around almost as long as routers, first appearing around 1985 and coming out of Cisco’s IOS software division. These firewalls are called packet filter firewalls. However, the first paper describing the screening process used by packet filter firewalls did not appear until 1988, when Jeff Mogul from Digital Equipment Corporation published his studies. At this time we are in the Fourth generation of firewall devices and software.
When should a post-mortem review meeting be held after an intrusion has been properly taken care of?
A. Within the first three months after the investigation of the intrusion is completed.
B. Within the first week after prosecution of intruders have taken place, whether successful or not.
C. Within the first month after the investigation of the intrusion is completed.
D. Within the first week of completing the investigation of the intrusion.
Answer: D
Explanation: As stated in CISSP documentation, you should make post mortem review meetings after taking care of the intrusion, and no more than one week after the facts. Its not a good practice to wait more than this time, it’s a matter of common sense too, three months, one month, 2 weeks, its too much time.
Which of the following can be used as a covert channel? A. Storage and timing. B. Storage and low bits. C. Storage and permissions. D. Storage and classification.
Answer: A
Explanation: Those are the proper elements, you can use these two to achieve a covert channel. Low bits is not a term related to covert channels. Permissions are related to authentication, they do not achieve what the question wants. Also, classification is could not selected as a correct choice. Check your official CISSP documentation to see what can be used as a covert channel.
“An active variation on eavesdropping is called Covert Channel eavesdropping, which consists of using a hidden unauthorized network connection to communicate unauthorized information. A Covert Storage Channel operates by writing information to storage by one process and then reading by using another process from a different security level. A Covert Timing Channel signals information to another process by modulating its own resource use to affect the response time of another.” Pg. 101 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition
Which software development model is actually a meta-model that incorporates a number of the software development models? A. The Waterfall model. B. The modified Waterfall model. C. The Spiral model. D. The Critical Patch Model (CPM).
Answer: C
Explanation: The spiral model for software engineering has evolved to encompass the best features of the classic waterfall model, while at the same time adding an element known as risk analysis. The spiral model is more appropriate for large, industrial software projects and has four main blocks/quadrants. Each release or version of the software requires going through new planning, risk analysis, engineering and customer evaluation phases and this is illustrated in the model by the spiral evolution outwards from the center. For each new release of a software product, a risk analysis audit should be performed to decide whether the new objectives can be completed within budget (time and costs), and decisions have to be made about whether to proceed. The level of planning and customer evaluation is missing from the waterfall model which is mainly concerned with small software programs. The spiral model also illustrated the evolutionary development of software where a solution may be initially proposed which is very basic (first time round the loop) and then later releases add new features and possibly a more elaborate GUI.
What is not true with pre-shared key authentication within IKE / IPsec protocol:
A. Pre-shared key authentication is normally based on simple passwords.
B. Needs a PKI to work.
C. Only one preshared key for all VPN connections is needed.
D. Costly key management on large user groups.
Answer: B
Explanation: Pre-Shared Secret is usually used when both ends of the VPN lacks access to a compatible certificate server. Once you have defined all the endpoints in your VPN, you can establish a password that is used to authenticate the other end of the connection, this is the PreShared secret. Since you are using Pre-Shared key because you don’t have an available / compatible certificate server, IPSEC and IKE do not need to use PKI in this case (that actually provides the certificate server infrastructure).
Which question is NOT true concerning Application Control?
A. It limits end users of applications in such a way that only particular screens are visible.
B. Only specific records can be requested choice.
C. Particular uses of the application can be recorded for audit purposes.
D. Is non-transparent to the endpoint applications so changes are needed to the applications involved.
Answer: D
Explanation: Application control provides a transparent feeling to endpoint applications when changes are needed, this is one of the features of it. With application control you can audit certain use of the applications involved and only specify record of your choice. There is also the possibility to limit the end users applications to provide access to only certain screens. Check your CISSP documentation about Application Control.
In order to ensure the privacy and integrity of the data, connections between firewalls over public networks should use? A. Screened subnets B. Digital certificates C. Encrypted Virtual Private Networks D. Encryption
Answer: C
Explanation: This is the correct answer, since firewall does not mean “VPN” we have to select “Encrypted Virtual Private Networks”. With a VPN and encryption we can provide secure communication in a transparent way for the users between the endpoints achieving “Confidentiality”. This confidentiality is achieved through encryption, and this encryption relies on encryption algorithms like AES, DES, CAST and others. Screened Subnet are not related to secure data over public networks, it’s a place to put our network services accessible from the outside. Digital certificates do not provide confidentiality, they only provide integrity.
What is necessary for a subject to have write access to an object in a Multi-Level Security Policy?
A. The subject’s sensitivity label must dominate the object’s sensitivity label.
B. The subject’s sensitivity label subordinates the object’s sensitivity label.
C. The subject’s sensitivity label is subordinated by the object’s sensitivity label.
D. The subject’s sensitivity label is dominated by the object’s sensitivity label.
Answer: A
Explanation: The correct answer is: The subject’s sensitivity label must dominate the object’s sensitivity label.
With a Multi-level security policy you have information that has different sensitivity labels. In order to read an object the subject’s sensitivity label must be equal to or greater than that of the object. So it would be considered to dominate it, no read up.
The following answers are incorrect:
The subject’s sensitivity label subordinates the object’s sensitivity label. Is incorrect because if the subject’s sensitivity label subordinates the object’s sensitivity label that would mean it is lower and the subject should not have read access to the object.
The subject’s sensitivity label is subordinated by the object’s sensitivity label. Is incorrect because the this would not allow for read access if the sensitivity lables were equal. So the subject’s sensitivity label is not subordinated by the object’s sensitivity label, the subject’s label must dominate the object’s label. Remember dominate means equal to or greater than where subordinate means less than.
The subject’s sensitivity label is dominated by the object’s sensitivity label. Is incorrect because if the object’s sensitivity label dominates the subject’s sensitivity label then the subject should not have access, it is the subject that must dominate the object and not the other way around. Remember dominate means equal to or greater than so this would mean that the object’s sensitivity label is equal to or greater than the subject.
According to the OIG, Multi-level security is defined as a class of system-containing information with different sensitivities that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances and need-to-know, but prevents users from obtaining access to information for which they lack authorization. The Subject’s sensitivity label must be equal to or greater than the object’s sensitivity label in order for the subject to have read access to it, no read up.
What best describes a scenario when an employee has been shaving off pennies from multiple accounts and depositing the funds into his own bank account? A. Data fiddling B. Data diddling C. Data hiding D. Data masking
Answer: B
Explanation: This kind of an attack involves altering the raw data just before it is processed by a computer and then changing it back after the processing is completed. This kind of attack was used in the past to make what is stated in the question, steal small quantities of money and transfer them to the attackers account. See “Data deddling crimes” on the Web.
The most correct answer is ‘Salami’, but since that is not an option the most correct answer is data diddling.
“A salami attack is committing several small crimes with the hope that the overall larger crime will go unnoticed. ….An example would be if an employee altered a banking software program to subtract 5 cents from each of the bank’s customers’ accounts once a month and moved this amount to the employee’s bank account. If this happened to all of the bank’s 50,000 customer accounts, the intruder could make up to $ 30,000 a year.
Data diddling refers to the alteration of existing data. Many times this modification happens before it is entered into an application or as soon as it completes processing and is outputted from an application.
There was an incident in 1997, in Maryland, where a Taco Bell employee was sentenced to ten years in jail because he reprogrammed the drive-up window cash register to ring up ever 42.99 order as one penny. He collected the full amount from the customer, put the penny in the till, and pocketed the other $2.98. He made $3600 before his arrest.”
Pg. 602-603 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide
Which of the following is unlike the other three? A. El Gamal B. Teardrop C. Buffer Overflow D. Smurf
Answer: A
Explanation: Options B, C and D are all Denial of Service attacks. El Gamal is the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm and is usually described as an active exchange of keys by two parties. The buffer overflow attack objective is consume the available memory for the TCP/IP protocol stack to make the machine crash. Teardrop and Smurf are DoS attacks that make use of spoofing.
Phreakers are hackers who specialize in telephone fraud. What type of telephone fraud manipulates the line voltage to receive a tool-free call? A. Red Boxes B. Blue Boxes C. White Boxes D. Black Boxes
Answer: D
Explanation: A Black Box is a device that is hooked up to your phone that fixes your phone so that when you get a call, the caller doesn’t get charged for the call. This is good for calls up to 1/2 hour, after 1/2 hour the Phone Co. gets suspicious, and then you can guess what happens. The Red box basically simulates the sounds of coins being dropped into the coin slot of a payphone. The traditional Red Box consisting of a pair of Wien-bridge oscillators with the timing controlled by 555 timer chips. The Blue Box, The mother of all boxes, The first box in history, which started the whole phreaking scene. Invented by John Draper (aka “Captain Crunch”) in the early 60s, who discovered that by sending a tone of 2600Hz over the telephone lines of AT&T, it was possible to make free calls. The White Box turns a normal touch tone keypad into a portable unit. This kind of box can be commonly found in a phone shop.
Which of the following groups represents the leading source of computer crime losses? A. Hackers B. Industrial saboteurs C. Foreign intelligence officers D. Employees
Answer: D
Explanation: This can be checked at the computer crime static’s on the web. Most of the attacks, actually 70% of them, come from inside the company, and 80% of them from employees of it. This is a reality, when we protect our infrastructure be sure to give great importance to internal security, we don’t when is one of the company employees going to make a strike. Hackers are also important, but less than our own employees.
Which of the following steps should be performed first in a business impact analysis (BIA)?
A. Identify all business units within the organization.
B. Evaluate the impact of disruptive events.
C. Estimate the Recovery Time Objectives (RTO).
D. Evaluate the criticality of business functions.
Answer: A
Explanation: Remember that when we talk about a BIA (Business Impact Analysis), we are analyzing and identifying possible issues about our infrastructure. It’s an analysis about the business, the process that it relays on, the level of the systems and a estimative of the financial impact, or in other words, how much many we loose with our systems down. The first step on it should always be the identifying of the business units in the company. You can then go to other requirements like estimate losses and downtime costs.
