Extra Main Point Flashcards
How is bird song broken up
Notes, syllables, phrases
Describe thorpes experiments
Speaker played sounds of birds
-only males sing
- Chaffinch -juvenile birds, tutor song of adult M chaffinch bird will copy and keep normal song
- Bird with no tutor song - noise but erratic frequency range less distinct phrases - same duration some purse similarity
- differ bird tutor tree pit - different to isolation and chaffinch - learned tree pit song - people said was similar to innate
- critical period in which it can learn song - like vision
-
Describe sensory motor stage
- sub song soft variable rambling symbols
- plastic son rehearsed syllable and phrases stat to be recognisable
Describe crystallised
Song has characteristic volume duration syllables and phrase order if specia specific tutor songs song remains unchanged from then on
Why are there deference a in species
- seasonal - born at different times whereas other breed throughout yer mening differences in plastic phase
- age-limited learners
- open ended learners
How do birds sing
- air pushed from airsac
- coordination between breathing and singing
- body wall muscles expel air from air sac
- air movement causes tympaniform membranes to vibrate creating sound waves
- changing tension on tympaniform membranes will change frequency syringeal muscles used
What are nuclei in bird brain
- darker areas high conc of cell bodies
Going down and from left to right name areas of bird brain
- HVc (higher vocal centre)
- RA (robust nucleus of rachis tritium
- LMAN
- DLM
- area X
- nXIIts
- respiratory control
Describe posterior vocal pathway
- HVc - RA - nXIIts and respiratory control
Anterior vocal pathway
HVc- area x - DLM -LMAN -RA and back to area X
Describe HTV lession experiment
Nottebohm 1976
Why is HVC ACTIVTE WHEN NO SONG?
Idk
Describe swamp sparrow experiment
Two tutor songs result was hybrid novel song
Describe marker and peters
Notes played as tutor birds used innate innate invented improvised imitated
How many plastic syllables
200 to 45 in crystallised
Birdsong experiments main person
Thorpe 1950s
Why might Skylab etc decreases
Listening to the sound it makes and comparing it to original sound - keeping ones that’s match
Action based learning social effects reinforced
How do birds recognise con specific song
- marker and peters 1977
- song and swamp sparrows
- bird live in same environment
-chopped up both songs to make mix
-swamp sparrow simple song
Song sparrow more complex
Results of marler and peters exper
Swamp would only learn syllables from own species syntax or tempo presented recognised syllables
Song sparrow recognised syllables syntax and tempo so song could learn foreign syllables if presented in species syntax and tempo
Do birds need to hear themselves
Konishi 1964
- remove cochlea after sensory phase
- song completely disrupted no characteristic
What are song specific neurons?
Neurons that respond to specific song may encode song recognition
Found in HVc and LMAN
Describe zebra finch song
LMAN neuron responds to zebr own song
Reversed song doesn’t respond well indicating order of syllables important
Responds less well to con specific song
Importance of testosterone in song
Female no test no song castrated male no testosterone no song crystallised
Cast rated with test replaced can see song crystallised like tutor song, take it back away song goes back
Describe Endler’s predation sequence terms
Encounter Detection Identification Approach Subjugation Consumption
Describe reduction of chance of encounter
Habitat switching prey is bluegill sunfish predictor is largemouth bass
Sunfish prefer open habitats
Switched to vegetated habitats following introduction of bass
Cost incurred include reduction of growth rate
What is crypsis
Pattern of coloration that resembles random sample of visual background as perceived by predator at time and place at which prey is more countable to predation - Endler’s
Example of crypsis
Biston betularia light and dark morphs on lichen freer and covered bark
Describe cuthills cool experiment
Artificial moths made with different designs pinned on trees
Survival time assessed over days
Camouflaging last longer than block coloured and disruptive patterns last longest - edge
Model f choice between cryptic and non cryptic
Prey type 1 is energetically favourable than 2 but is cryptic
E1/h1>E2/h2
Rate of energy intake is
E/T=Lamda2E2/1 + lamda2h2
Described rapid non evolutionary inducable defences
Crucial carp
Deeper bodies after predictors
In lifetime not evolution
But plasticity might be selected for evolutionarily
Brood parasitism in birds
Cuckoos
Eggs often patterned to mimic host
Fitness benefits for parasites fitness lost for host
Hosts protect themselves against parasitism should lead to counter adaptations
Individual cuckoos specialise on one host species
Not know cuckoo strains
Possible imprinting if chick into host parent species
What is mechanism of brood para it
Watched f make best lays single egg in neat during host laying period eats single host egg takes 10s cuckoo hatches first ejects all other eggs
Chance of egg reject
Meadow pipit cuckoos mimic as they remove odd eggs
Dunnock cuckoos don’t as they don’t get rid off eggs
Co evolution
