Extra Main Point

Question 1

How is bird song broken up

Answer 1

Notes, syllables, phrases

Question 2

Describe thorpes experiments

Answer 2

Speaker played sounds of birds
-only males sing
- Chaffinch -juvenile birds, tutor song of adult M chaffinch bird will copy and keep normal song
- Bird with no tutor song - noise but erratic frequency range less distinct phrases - same duration some purse similarity
- differ bird tutor tree pit - different to isolation and chaffinch - learned tree pit song - people said was similar to innate
- critical period in which it can learn song - like vision
-

Question 3

Describe sensory motor stage

Answer 3

• sub song soft variable rambling symbols

- plastic son rehearsed syllable and phrases stat to be recognisable

Question 4

Describe crystallised

Answer 4

Song has characteristic volume duration syllables and phrase order if specia specific tutor songs song remains unchanged from then on

Question 5

Why are there deference a in species

Answer 5

• seasonal - born at different times whereas other breed throughout yer mening differences in plastic phase
• age-limited learners
• open ended learners

Question 6

How do birds sing

Answer 6

• air pushed from airsac
• coordination between breathing and singing
• body wall muscles expel air from air sac
• air movement causes tympaniform membranes to vibrate creating sound waves
• changing tension on tympaniform membranes will change frequency syringeal muscles used

Question 7

What are nuclei in bird brain

Answer 7

• darker areas high conc of cell bodies

Question 8

Going down and from left to right name areas of bird brain

Answer 8

• HVc (higher vocal centre)
• RA (robust nucleus of rachis tritium
• LMAN
• DLM
• area X
• nXIIts
• respiratory control

Question 9

Describe posterior vocal pathway

Answer 9

• HVc - RA - nXIIts and respiratory control

Question 10

Anterior vocal pathway

Answer 10

HVc- area x - DLM -LMAN -RA and back to area X

Question 11

Describe HTV lession experiment

Answer 11

Nottebohm 1976

Question 12

Why is HVC ACTIVTE WHEN NO SONG?

Answer 12

Idk

Question 13

Describe swamp sparrow experiment

Answer 13

Two tutor songs result was hybrid novel song

Question 14

Describe marker and peters

Answer 14

Notes played as tutor birds used innate innate invented improvised imitated

Question 15

How many plastic syllables

Answer 15

200 to 45 in crystallised

Question 16

Birdsong experiments main person

Answer 16

Thorpe 1950s

Question 17

Why might Skylab etc decreases

Answer 17

Listening to the sound it makes and comparing it to original sound - keeping ones that’s match

Action based learning social effects reinforced

Question 18

How do birds recognise con specific song

Answer 18

• marker and peters 1977
• song and swamp sparrows
• bird live in same environment
  -chopped up both songs to make mix
  -swamp sparrow simple song
  Song sparrow more complex

Question 19

Results of marler and peters exper

Answer 19

Swamp would only learn syllables from own species syntax or tempo presented recognised syllables

Song sparrow recognised syllables syntax and tempo so song could learn foreign syllables if presented in species syntax and tempo

Question 20

Do birds need to hear themselves

Answer 20

Konishi 1964

• remove cochlea after sensory phase
• song completely disrupted no characteristic

Question 21

What are song specific neurons?

Answer 21

Neurons that respond to specific song may encode song recognition
Found in HVc and LMAN

Question 22

Describe zebra finch song

Answer 22

LMAN neuron responds to zebr own song
Reversed song doesn’t respond well indicating order of syllables important
Responds less well to con specific song

Question 23

Importance of testosterone in song

Answer 23

Female no test no song castrated male no testosterone no song crystallised
Cast rated with test replaced can see song crystallised like tutor song, take it back away song goes back

Question 24

Describe Endler’s predation sequence terms

Answer 24

Encounter
Detection
Identification
Approach
Subjugation
Consumption

Question 25

Describe reduction of chance of encounter

Answer 25

Habitat switching prey is bluegill sunfish predictor is largemouth bass

Sunfish prefer open habitats

Switched to vegetated habitats following introduction of bass

Cost incurred include reduction of growth rate

Question 26

What is crypsis

Answer 26

Pattern of coloration that resembles random sample of visual background as perceived by predator at time and place at which prey is more countable to predation - Endler’s

Question 27

Example of crypsis

Answer 27

Biston betularia light and dark morphs on lichen freer and covered bark

Question 28

Describe cuthills cool experiment

Answer 28

Artificial moths made with different designs pinned on trees

Survival time assessed over days

Camouflaging last longer than block coloured and disruptive patterns last longest - edge

Question 29

Model f choice between cryptic and non cryptic

Answer 29

Prey type 1 is energetically favourable than 2 but is cryptic
E1/h1>E2/h2

Rate of energy intake is
E/T=Lamda2E2/1 + lamda2h2

Question 30

Described rapid non evolutionary inducable defences

Answer 30

Crucial carp

Deeper bodies after predictors

In lifetime not evolution

But plasticity might be selected for evolutionarily

Question 31

Brood parasitism in birds

Answer 31

Cuckoos

Eggs often patterned to mimic host

Fitness benefits for parasites fitness lost for host

Hosts protect themselves against parasitism should lead to counter adaptations

Individual cuckoos specialise on one host species

Not know cuckoo strains

Possible imprinting if chick into host parent species

Question 32

What is mechanism of brood para it

Answer 32

Watched f make best lays single egg in neat during host laying period eats single host egg takes 10s cuckoo hatches first ejects all other eggs

Question 33

Chance of egg reject

Answer 33

Meadow pipit cuckoos mimic as they remove odd eggs

Dunnock cuckoos don’t as they don’t get rid off eggs

Co evolution