Extra Info

Question 1

Features of the femur anterior (distal)

Answer 1

Adductor tubercle
Medial/lateral condyle and epicondyle
Lateral buttress wall
Patellar surface

Question 2

Features of femur posterior (distal)

Answer 2

Linea aspera 
Medial/lateral supracondylar ridges 
Medial/lateral condyle and epicondyle 
Popliteal surface 
Adductor tubercle 
Intercondylar fossa

Question 3

Bony features of proximal tibia

Answer 3

Medial and lateral tibial condyles 
Tibial plateau 
Intercondylar eminence (medial/lateral tubercles)
Tibial tuberosity 
Anterior tibial crest

Question 4

Bony features of proximal fibula

Answer 4

Head and neck of fibula
Apex of fibula
Interosseus membrane

Question 5

Bony features of patella

Answer 5

Sesamoid bone 
Within quadriceps tendon 
Patella tendon 
Triangular shaped 
Base superior 
Apex inferior 
Medial and lateral borders

Question 6

Features of femoral articulate surfaces

Answer 6

Convex anterior-posteriorly and medio-laterally
Lateral condyle shorter and wider
Medial condyle projects more distally
Lateral condyle projects more anteriorly
Covered in articular cartilage

Question 7

Features of tibial articular surfaces

Answer 7

Concave centrally
Flatter peripherally covered with semi lunar cartilages (menisci)
Medial tibial condyle projects further antero-posteriorly to accommodate the medial femoral condyle
Covered in articular cartilage

Question 8

What’s function of patella

Answer 8

Improves mechanical efficiency of quadriceps muscle Group by increasing lever arm and angular torque

Question 9

What’s a “Q” angle

Answer 9

Angle between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon.
Measured as angle between line from ASIS to centre patella and line from centre patella to tibial tuberosity
Represents angle of quadriceps muscle force

Question 10

What is the average angles in the patella

Answer 10

“Q” angle
Normal is 13 degrees in men and 18 degrees in women
<13 or >18 considered abnormal
Angle > 18 degrees may predispose to patella lateralisation

Question 11

What’s a menisci

Answer 11

Medial “C” shaped 
Lateral “O” shaped 
2 horns anterior and posterior 
Medial narrower and thinner 
Medial less mobile and therefore more easily damaged

Question 12

What are the attachments for the medial meniscus

Answer 12

Anterior horn
- intercondylar area + ACL
- transverse and coronary ligaments
Posterior horn
- PCL + posterior horn of lateral meniscus
- blends with capsule and medial collateral ligament

Question 13

What are the attachments for lateral meniscus

Answer 13

Anterior horn
- Anterior intercondylar eminence post to ACL
- Transverse and coronary ligaments
Posterior horn
- posterior intercondylar area and anterior to posterior horn of medial meniscus

Question 14

What’s the function of the meniscal

Answer 14

Enhances tibia-femoral joint stability by deepening tibial articular surface
Act as shock absorbers
Conforms to changing shape of femoral condyles during knee movement

Question 15

What are the attachments for the knee joint capsule posteriorly and medially

Answer 15

Posteriorly
- post. Femoral condyles and intercondylar fossa
- post. Tibial condyles
Medially
- blends with gastrocnemius and Semimembranosus
- medial articular margins femoral and tibial condyles
- blends with medial collateral ligament

Question 16

What are the attachments for the knee joint capsule laterally and anteriorly

Answer 16

Laterally 
- lateral femur above popliteus 
- Lateral tibial condyle 
- fibula head 
Anteriorly 
- Patella and retinaculum 
- capsule replaced by quadriceps tendon

Question 17

List all the bursae

Answer 17

Surprapatellar bursa 
Prepatellar bursa 
Superficial infrapatellar bursa 
Deep infrapatellar bursa 
Pes anserinus bursa 
Semimembranosus bursa

Question 18

What are the knee joint movements, range and limiting factors

Answer 18

Flexion -/+ 135 degrees
-limited by soft tissue apposition, patellar tendon, PCL
Extension 0 degrees(hyper extension 0-5 degrees)
- posterior capsule, ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, Oblique popliteal ligament, tension in antagonists
Rotations (in 90 degrees flexion)
-medial 20-30 degrees
-lateral 30-40 degrees
- limited by tension in antagonists