extra credit vocabulary words Flashcards
the action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution
abolition
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
absolutism
to bring into use or operation; to administer justice; to administer last rites
administer / -stration
to caution, advise, or counsel against something. to urge to a duty; remind
admonish / -ment
a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy
advocate / -tion
a similarity of characteristics suggesting a relationship, especially by marriage as opposed to blood ties
affinity
of or pertaining to Africa
Afro-
(in some religions) life after death
after-life
concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land
agrarian
combine or unite to form one organization or stucture
amalgamate
of or pertaining to America
Amer-
to separate into constituent parts or elements; determine the elements or essential features of. to examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give the essence of.
analyze / analysis
opposition to any form of government; the theory that all governments should be abolished; a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)
anarchism / anarchy
adj. very old; belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire; n. a person who lived in ancient times; a very old person
ancient
occurring or existing before a particular war, especially the American Civil War
ante bellum
a mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races
anti-semitism
lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern
apathy
to bring to a state of peace, calm, pacify, soothe. calm, soften
apease / -ment
suitable for growing crops: capable of being cultivated for growing crops
arable
the science of studying material remains of past human life and activities
archaeology
characteristic of an earlier period; old-fashioned
archaic
the science of building
architecture
form of government
-archy
give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory, typically with the aim of persuading others to share one’s view
argue / argument
an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest
artifact
a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand
artisan
a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
aristocrat / -cracy
belief that there is no god
atheism
an extreme wicked or cruel act, typically one involving physical violence or injury
atrocity
a way of living, often out of religious motivation, that is marked by self-denial, self-discipline, and austerity
asceticism
great self-denial, economy, discipline; lack of adornment
austere / -ity
favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom
authoritarian / -ism
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
balance of power
the difference in value over a period of time of a country’s imports and exports of merchandise
balance of trade
a person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized
barbarian
well meaning and kindly; (of an organization) serving a charitable rather that a profit-making purpose
benevolent
a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy
blockade
the line that separates one state from another
border (national)
a group’s refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies
boycott
in early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions
bourgeoisie
to facilitate, to act as an intermediary, to negotiate
broker (v.)
gold or silver in bars or ingots
bullion
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
bureaucracy / -cratic
helps create legislation and takes responsibility for the government
cabinet (gov’t)
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
capital / -ism
a building where a legislative body of a republic, state or country meets
capitol
to end resistance, give up, surrender, throw in the towel
capitulate
a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production
cartel
the system of dividing society into hereditary classes
caste
a person killed or injured bin a war or accident
casualty
a cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable
causation / causal
a person who remains unmarried, especially for religious reasons
celibacy / celibate
in or near a center or constituting a center
central / -centric
a period of one hundred years
century
used to describe approximate dates, often abbreviated with lower case “c”. (c. ca.)
circa
a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. a characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy
city-state
a person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community
citizen
the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced
civilization / -ized
exaggerated or aggressive patriotism
chauvinism
the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code; courteous behavior, especially that of a man toward women
chivalry
conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes).
class struggle
conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; of or relating to Ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture
classical
a body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis
clergy
to compel by force or intimidation
coerce
events that happen at the same time by accident but seem to have some connection
coincidence
a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power
colony, colonial
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
commodity
for or by a group rather than individuals
communal
a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country
communism
a person with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting them not to repeat it to others
confidant / confide
take or seize (someone’s property) with authority
confiscate
combine (tow or more texts, ideas, etc.) into one
conflate
a combination of events that together make possible new historical circumstance
conjuncture
to draft for military or naval service/compulsory enrollment of persons for military or naval service
conscript / -ion
a result or effect of an action or condition; importance or relevance
consequence
a person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom
conserve / -ative
a group of laws (usually written down) that set out the fundamental laws for a nation
constitution (small c)
to bring together; to merge into a composite whole
conflate
the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers
consumer / -ism
a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
consumer
current, modern; from the same time
contemporary
to challenge; oppose (an action, decision, or theory) as mistaken or wrong
contest (v.)
conditions, including facts, social/historical background, time and place, etc., surrounding a given situation
context
a hypothesis that Earth’s continents move on Earth’s surface
continent
something possible under certain conditions; something that happens by chance or accident; contingencies are things that come up, or things that need dealing with now becasue they are immediate
contingency / -gent
perversely inclined to disagree or to do the opposite of what is expected or desired; the opposite
contrary
based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed
convention / -al
come together from different directions so as eventually to meet
converge
v. engage in a conversation
n. a conversation
converse (v. & n.)
v. cause to change in form, character, or function
n. a person who has been persuaded to change their religious feith or other beliefs
convert (v. & n.)
they can act as a unit in making decisions or owning property. typically found in societies based on pastoralism, horticulture or intensive agriculture, where there is an advantage in having clear lines or inheritance
corporation
a proposition that follows from one already proven; a natural consequence or result
corollary
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
correlation
belonging to the entire world, at home globally; free from local or national prejudices or attachments
cosmopolitan
a sudden overthrow of the government
coup d’ état
rule by, type of government
-cracy (auto-, demo-)
v. exercise skill in making (something).
n. an activity involving skill iin making things by hand
craft (n. & v.)
an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future
credit
the process of trying to acquire or develop a quality or skill
cultivation
any form of money being used as a medium of exchange
currency
belonging to the present time; happening or being used or done now
current
a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection
Darwinism
in fact, or in effect, whether by right or not
de facto
used to record an increase in an asset or a decrease in a liability or in owners’ equity
debit
an obligation to pay or do something
debt
a period of ten years
decade
a shortage; a lack (in amount)
deficit
reduction of the general level or prices in an economy
deflate / -tion
the act of cutting down trees
deforestation
divine character or nature, especially that of the Supreme Being; divinity., belief in a God who created the world but has since remained indifferent to to
deity / deism
v. make (someone or something) late or slow
n. a period of time by which something is late or postponed
delay (v. & n.)
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
democracy
scientific study of human populations
demography
portray as wicked and threatening
demon / -ize
an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future
destiny
every event, including human actions, is caused by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the universe
determinism
the process of becoming progressively worse
deterioration
the dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland
diaspora
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc).
dictator / -ship
to spread or scatter widely or thinly; disseminate
diffuse / -sion
of or concerning the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations
diplomacy / -matic
a difference in level or treatment, especially one that is seen as unfair
disparity
a range of different things
diversity / diverse
of or pertaining to a god, especially the Supreme Being. addressed, appropriated, or devoted to a god; religious; sacred
divinity / divine
a stated principle of government policy, mainly in foreign or military affairs
doctrine / doctrinal
v. record (something) in written, photographic, or other form
n. a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record
document (v. & n.)
the established belief or doctrine held by a religion, ideology or any kind of organization: it is authoritative and not to be disputed, doubted or diverged from
dogma / dogmatic
native to a country, not foreign; relating to the life or affairs of a household
domestic / -cate
v. select (a person or group of people) for a certain purpose
n. compulsory recruitment for military service
draft (v. & n.)
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
dual / dualism
a contest with deadly weapons arranged between two people in order to settle a point of honor
duel
a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family
dynasty
drawn from different sources
eclectic
production, development, and management of material wealth and other resources
economy / economic
an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority
edict
a complex system of beliefs
edifice / edify
favoring social equality; believing in a society in which all people have equal political, economic, and civil rights
egalitarian
people of wealth and power
elite
set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions
emancipate / -tion
a group of territories or nations ruled by a single ruler or government
empire / emperor
a large retail store selling a wide variety of goods
emporia
a brief or an unexpected meeting
encounter
intrude on (a person’s territory or a thing considered to be a right)
encroach
give (someone) greater knowledge and understanding about a subject or situation
enlighten
a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties
entrepót
epidemic
a long and distinct period of history with a particular feature or characteristic
era
extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world
ethereal
a set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group or an individual
ethic
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
ethnic / ethno-
a man who has been castrated. in some ancient kingdoms, where the highest positions in the government went to
eunuch
of or pertaining to Europe
Euro-
the branch of government that carries out, enforces, or executes the rules/laws
executive (branch)
take (a short extract) from a text
excerpt
the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work
exploitation
a decrease in owner’s equity from the operation of a business
expense
to make plain or clear, explain; to interpret
explicate
definite; stated in detail, leaving nothing to be guessed at; outspoken
explicit
lacking restraint in spending money or using resources
extravagant
a deceptive outward appearance; a misrepresentation
facade
the enhancement of the response of a neuron to a stimulus following stimulation
facilitation
a small organized dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics
faction
a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome
factor
extreme scarcity of food
famine
a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
fascism / -ist
a belief that the sexes are qual in all categories including social, political, and economic elements. a political movement originated around this belief
feminism
a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
feudal / -ism
faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support
fidelity
a gift of land from the King given to the nobles in return for their loyalty which in return the novels would watch and control the peasants and make sure they followed the rules given by the King
fief / fiefdom
departing from a literal use of works; metaphorical; (of an artist or work of art) representing forms that are recognizably derived from life
figurative
of children to parents: relating or appropriate to a child’s relationship with, or feelings toward, his or her parents
filial
a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing)
fiscal
(of a person, animal, or other living organism) grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment
flourish
the act of searching for food and provisions
forage
prevent or obstruct (an anticipated event or action) by taking action ahead of time
forestall
a place, meeting, or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged
forum
provide (a place) with defensive works as protection against attack
fortify
a period of two weeks
fortnight
a system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another
frame (of reference)
the right to vote
franchise
associate or form a friendship with someone, especially when one is not supposed to
fraternize / -zation
an economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. there is no “protection” in the form of tariffs against foreign competition
free trade
a line or border separating two countries. a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country
frontier
sparing or economical with regard to money or food
frugal
a form of Protestant Christianity that upholds belief in the strict and literal interpretation of the Bible. strict maintenance of ancient or fundamental doctrines of any religion or ideology, notably Islam
fundamental / -ism
join or blend to form a single entity
fuse / fusion
bold and impudent behavior
gall
the male sex or the female sex
gender
make a general or broad statement by inferring from specific cases
generalize / -ation
deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group through mass murder
genocide
of or pertaining to Earth
geo-
actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
globalization
the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
government
act of recording
-graphy (demo-, geo-)
a real or imagined wrong or other cause for complaint or protest, especially unfair treatment
grievance
a member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regulare forces
guerilla
a medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people
guild
an instance of intense argument (as in bargaining)
haggle
shelter or hide (a criminal or wanted person)
harbor (v.)
the consistent dominance or influence of one group, state, or ideology over others
hegemony
of or pertaining to the sun
helio-
a group or system in which positions of power are ranked, usually from lowest to highest
hierarchy
a study of the procedures that different historians use in their research; also a study of the changing revisions and interpretations of the past
historiography
of the same kind; alike
homogeneous / -eity
excessive, above, more than normal
hyper-
below normal, under, deficient, beneath
hypo-
