Extra Credit Flashcards
The term ___________ references the chains of sarcomeres within a skeletal muscle fiber while the term ____________ references the where the calcium ions need for the sarcomeres to shorten are stored.
myofibril; sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which change would produce a graded potential in a neuron?
Hint: You’ll note with a question like this, I am asking about which CHANGE. If an answer option has nothing to do with something changing, it’s not going to be the answer. Here, I’m also testing if you know the difference between a graded potential and an action potential, where they occur, and what initiates them.
-All-or-none response
-Opening of chemically (ligand)-gated potassium channels
-Initial segment of the axon
-Closing the inactivation gate of voltage-gated sodium channels
-Opening the activation gate of voltage-gated sodium channels
Opening of chemically (ligand)-gated potassium channels
Which statement accurately describes how spongy bone and compact bone compare?
-Compact and spongy bone are both maintained by osteocytes.
-Compact bone has trabeculae while spongy bone is arranged in osteons
-Compact bone is designed to resist forces from many directions while spongy bone is designed to resist forces in one direction.
-Compact bone has canaliculi while spongy bone does not
-Compact bone helps to lighten the skeleton while spongy bone does not
Compact and spongy bone are both maintained by osteocytes.
What do skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles have in common?
-Only contract in response to a signal from the nervous system
-The actin and myosin within muscle cells (fibers) are arranged into sarcomeres
-They all help maintain body posture and position
-Use the same mechanism of contracting involving calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin
-Display excitability and contractability
Display excitability and contractability
Which of the following would you expect to find in the axon? Select ALL that apply.
Hint: For a question like this, it is often helpful to think first about what functions are associated with the structure that is bolded/underlined.
-Nucleus
-Voltage-gated Na+ channels
-Golgi apparatus
-Rough endoplasmic reticulum
-Chemically-gated K+ channels
-Sodium-potassium pump
-Voltage-gated Na+ channels
-Sodium-potassium pump
Smooth muscle can function over a wider range of lengths than skeletal muscle. Which property of smooth muscle best explains why this is?
-Use of dense bodies to transmit contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue.
-Varicosities instead of neuromuscular junctions
-Can respond to different types of signals (for e.g., neurotransmitters, hormones)
-Use of calmodulin as a calcium-binding protein instead of troponin
-Thin filaments attached to dense bodies while thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm.
Thin filaments attached to dense bodies while thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm.
A structure has the following properties: comprised of connective tissue, resistant to tension but NOT compression, and provides support for blood vessels and nerves in the associated organ. What might this structure be?
Hint: With a question like this where it lists out multiple features of the structure, it can be challenging to figure out the answer quickly. I recommend you pick one of the things that is listed to help you narrow down your answer options (for e.g. the easiest way in this question would be to narrow down by connective tissue and then use the other information to make your final choice).
-Cardiac muscle tissue
-Ganglia
-Perimysium
-Endosteum
-Compact bone
Perimysium
In skeletal muscle, the triads are located near the zones of overlap. Why is this beneficial?
Note: Especially when we get to processes or conceptually challenging topics, I find it is easier to learn and retain the information if you 1) learn the steps as you would build a story, 2) think about the logic underlying the order of the steps, and 3) try to think about the benefit of how a structure is designed and/or the step order. Hence expect to see questions that require you to think about these things on Dr. Staley’s exams.
-Allows acetylcholine released from the axon terminal to bind receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
-It helps to rapidly degrade acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
-It decreases the time between calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contraction of the sarcomeres.
-It eliminates the need for the transverse (T) tubules.
-It decreases the tension produced by a muscle contraction.
It decreases the time between calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contraction of the sarcomeres.
Which would you NOT find in the region of a long called the epiphysis?
-Compact bone
-Spongy bone
-Blood vessels
-Trabeculae
-All of the other lister answers would be found in the epiphyses
All of the other listed answers would be found in the epiphyses
The depolarization of the axon membrane peaks at approximately +30 mV, causing the inactivation gates of voltage-gated sodium ion (Na+) channels to _____________________ (open OR close). The activation gates at this stage remain open. Therefore, this is part of the ________________ (absolute, relative, OR neither) refractory period.
Close; absolute
The threshold value for an axon membrane is between -55 and -60 mV. What happens immediately after the depolarization surpasses this threshold?
- An excitatory post-synaptic potential is produced.
-The activation gate of voltage-gated K+ channels opens.
-The inactivation gate of voltage-gated Na+ channels closes.
-Chemically-gated channels that are permeable to both Na+ and K+ open.
-The activation gate of voltage-gated Na+ channels opens.
The activation gate of voltage-gated Na+ channels opens.
A bone consists of both compact and spongy bone tissue. This bone is smaller than the femur. What type of bone is it?
-Irregular bone
-Short bone
-Flat bone
-Long bone
-The type of bone can not be determined from the provided information.
The type of bone can not be determined from the provided information.
When ATP binds to the myosin head during the cross-bridge cycle, it leads to
-Active site exposure
-The power stroke
-Myosin head pivoting
-Cross bridge formation
-Cross bridge detachment
Cross-bridge detachment
Which is CORRECTLY matched to its location in the body?
-Myofibril – skeletal muscle fiber
-Epimysium – surrounds individual muscle fibers
-Periosteal vessels – medullary cavity
-Ependymal cells – epiphysis of long bone
-Astrocyte – peripheral nervous system
Myofibril – skeletal muscle fiber
In response to high calcium ion levels in the blood, the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin. Calcitonin acts on multiple structures (effectors) to bring blood calcium back to a normal range. How would this be accomplished? Select ALL that apply.
Hint: You want to start a question like this by making note of if you want to raise or lower blood calcium. Remember also whenever you have opposites, it can only be one of those!
- Increased intestinal absorption of calcium
-Increased excretion of calcium by the kidneys
-Increased osteoclast activity
-Decreased osteoblast activity
-Decreased osteoclast activity
-Increased excretion of calcium by the kidneys
-Decreased osteoclast activity
Select the TRUE statement regarding energy metabolism in neurons.
- Myelinated neurons use up more ATP than unmyelinated neurons.
-Axoplasmic transport of substances between the cell body and the axon terminal does not require the neuron to spend any ATP.
-Neurons lack mitochondria and use anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.
-Neurons spend ATP to maintain sodium and potassium concentration gradients across the membrane.
-During depolarization, movement of sodium ions (Na+) into the cell requires the cell to spend ATP.
Neurons spend ATP to maintain sodium and potassium concentration gradients across the membrane.
____________ is/are associated with a long bone but NOT a flat bone. Select ALL that apply.
-Osteons
-Medullary cavity
-Epiphysis
-Trabeculae
-Periosteum
-Blood vessels
-Medullary cavity
-Epiphysis
If you were to put these in order, which would occur SECOND in endochondral ossification?
-Primary ossification center forms
-The secondary ossification center forms
-Hyaline cartilage model is produced
-Epiphyses ossify
-The medullary cavity forms
Primary ossification center forms
Select ALL of the events that are associated with muscle CONTRACTION.
Hint: With a question like this note many of your answer options are paired. Also, it often helps if you diagram out what happens during the process before answering the question.
-Calcium ions are released into the cytosol from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
-The calcium ion concentration in the cytosol is kept extremely low.
-Sarcomere shortens.
-Sarcomere lengthens.
-Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the axon terminal.
-Acetylcholine (ACh) is NOT released from the axon terminal.
-Calcium ions are released into the cytosol from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
-Sarcomere shortens.
-Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the axon terminal.
Which is CORRECTLY ordered?
-Number of processes (least to most): unipolar, multipolar, bipolar
-Information flow in nervous system: pain stimulus, motor neurons, interneurons, sensory neurons
-Skeletal muscle structure (superficial to deep): epimysium, perimysium, muscle fascicles, endomysium, muscle fibers
-None of the other answers are correct.
-Bone structure (superficial to deep): Cellular layer periosteum, endosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, fibrous layer periosteum
Skeletal muscle structure (superficial to deep): epimysium, perimysium, muscle fascicles, endomysium, muscle fibers
