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extra bits Flashcards

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1
Q

what is raw data

A

data collected from a psychologist which has not yet been analysed

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2
Q

what are descriptive statistics

A

ways of summing up and presenting your findings

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3
Q

3 measures of central tendency

A

mean median mode

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4
Q

3 measures of dispersion

A

range
standard deviation
variation

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5
Q

when are pie charts used

A

pie charts work well nominal level data and enable the researcher to present percentages from within an overall total and show proportions of a whole

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6
Q

when are line graphs used

A

useful for showing change over time

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7
Q

when are histograms used

A
  • histograms convey information about the frequency with which something occurs (like bar graphs which do this through height of the bar)
  • histograms convey this through the area of the bars
  • should be used when you have continuous data and want to emphasise the role of character width as well as frequency
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8
Q

inferential statistics

A

Enable you to work out which hypothesis (null or alternative) has been supported by the data from either an experiment or a correlation study - Enable us to draw conclusions/ INFERENCES from findings

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9
Q

What are the 3 criteria that have to be met for using a parametric inferential statistical test?

A
  1. Data has to be interval or ratio
  2. Data has to have a curve of normal distribution
  3. The variances should be similar
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10
Q

type 1 error

A
  • FALSE POSITIVE
  • Mistakenly accepting the alternative hypothesis when actually it is the null hypothesis that has been supported
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11
Q

type 2 error

A
  • FALSE NEGATIVE
  • Mistakenly accepting the null hypothesis when actually it is the alternative hypothesis that has been supported
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12
Q

normal distribution

A

All measures of central tendency (mmm) occur at the highest point in the curve on a graph

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13
Q

negatively skewed distribution

A

Fewer people at the lower end and more at the higher end of the scores. Mean and mode are not the same, mean is less than mode (most frequent score was high)

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14
Q

positively skewed distribution

A

Population has more low scorers than high scorers. Mean is higher than the mode (most frequent score was low)

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15
Q

difference between reliability and validity

A

Validity is how accurate a piece of research or test is at measuring what it aims to measure

Reliability is the consistency of research or findings, or whether a test is replicable

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16
Q

reliability

A

consistency of test or measure

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17
Q

internal reliability

A

the consistency of a measuring device- does it work in a consistent way with all participants

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18
Q

external reliability

A

the consistency of a studies findings- would the same findings be obtained in the study was repeated

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19
Q

ways to check reliability

A
  • split half method
  • test- retest method
  • inter-rater reliability
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20
Q

split half method

A

data collected is split randomly in half and compared, to see if results taken from each part of the measure are similar

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21
Q

test retest method

A
  • way of measuring external reliability
  • presenting the same participants with the same test or questionnaire on two separate occasions, and seeing whether there is a positive correlation between the two
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22
Q

inter rater reliability

A

checking one observers findings against those of another observers findings to see if they’re consistent with each other

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23
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a test or measure

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24
Q

internal validity

A

relates to whether the test itself is accurately measuring what it intends to do

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25
Q

external validity

A

refers to whether the research can be generalised to different people or situations

26
Q

types of internal validity

A
  • face validity
  • concurrent validity
  • criterion validity
  • construct validity
27
Q

face validity

A

whether a test appears (on the face of it) to be measuring what it intends to

28
Q

concurrent validity

A

whether a test or study measure gives the same results as another test or study that is measuring the same concept

29
Q

criterion validity

A

refers to how much one test or measure predicts future performance on another test or measure

30
Q

construct validity

A

refers to whether a test or study actually measures the concept it sets out to measure (and extraneous variables are controlled for)

31
Q

types of external validity

A
  • population
  • ecological
32
Q

population validity

A

refers to the degree to which the sample used in the research is representative of a diverse group of people

33
Q

ecological validity

A

refers to how accurately a piece of research reflects real life situations

34
Q

generalisability

A
  • to do with results of research
  • the extent to which the findings of a study can be applicable to other settings
35
Q

representativeness

A
  • to do with sample
  • how representative the sample is
36
Q

demand characteristics

A

when participant works out aim of study due to it being obvious, or repeated measures that cause them to change their behaviour

37
Q

social desirability bias

A

refers to when participants change their behaviour to present themselves as a good member of society, rather than showing their true behaviour

38
Q

researcher/observer bias

A

researcher may interpret behaviour based on prior expectations

39
Q

researcher/observer effects

A

participants behaviour influenced by the presence of the researcher

40
Q

ethical guidelines (4 main ones)

A
  • respect- informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality
  • competence
  • responsibility- protection, debrief
  • integrity- deception
41
Q

name all the sections and subsections of a practical report

A

abstract
intro
method
results
discussion
references
appendices

42
Q

citing academic references

A

author
year of publication
article title
journal title
volume of journal
issue number of journal
page range of article

43
Q

peer review

A

academic articles need to be read and evaluated by experts in the same field before being published so that they can ensure that the methodology used is robust

44
Q

the study of cause and effect

A

when research can show that one factor can actually cause a change in behaviour

45
Q

falsification

A

the ability in principle to prove a claim wrong

46
Q

replicability

A

to be able to repeat and therefore support the findings from another piece of research

47
Q

objectivity

A

when a claim is a matter of fact rather than opinion

48
Q

induction

A

empirical research is carried out and THEN a theory is developed to make sense of findings

49
Q

deduction

A

a theory is developed and THEN empirical research is carried out to see if the theory was correct

50
Q

hypothesis testing

A

once a theory has been identified based on observation, then in scientific enquiry a hypothesis is formulated - can be tested in empirical research

51
Q

manipulation of variables

A

independent variable is manipulated so that we can see the variation in results depending on whether it is or isn’t present

52
Q

controls

A

this is imposed on experiments to ensure that the results are due to the independent variable, rather than extraneous variables

53
Q

standardisation

A

the test conditions are kept the same for all participants

54
Q

quantifiable measurements

A

quantitative data which is objective and observable should be used

55
Q

interval/ratio data

A
  • highest level of data
  • uses standard universal scales
  • size of gaps between scores are taken account of
56
Q

ordinal data

A
  • medium level of data
  • rather than participants actual scores being measured, their ranks are measured instead
  • no account is taken of how much further highest is from second highest
57
Q

nominal data

A
  • lowest level of data
  • headcount of number of participants who do one thing as opposed to another
58
Q

s+w of nominal data

A
  • easy to collect since its just a headcount, can be displayed as pie charts
  • less precise as data grouped into categories and you don’t know how individual participants scored
59
Q

s+w of ordinal data

A
60
Q

s+w of interval/ratio data

A

psychology (5 decks)

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