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Host and Defense > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

Name the live attenuated vaccines

A 
Herpes zoster
Varicella
Influenza (also inactivated) 
Measles, mumps, rubella
Oral typhoid
Rotavirus
Yellow fever
Oral cholera
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2
Q

Name the inactivated vaccines

A 
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
H. Influenzae 
Hep. A and B
Human papilloma
Influenza (also live attenuated)
Meningococcal
Pneumococcal
Rabies
Typhoid 
Inactivated polio
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3
Q

Candida albicans

A

Yeast
Part of normal flora (skin, vagina, mouth, bowels)
Opportunistic pathogen (thrush, vaginitis, diaper rash)
Can produce pseudohypha and true hypha (via germ tube)
To treat, use azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes

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4
Q

Aspergillus

A

Mold
Septate hyphae
Opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

Rhizopus/mucor/rhizomucor

A

Zygomycete (nonseptate)
Causes rhinocerebral zygomycosis (mucormycosis)
Opportunistic pathogen
Thrives in high glucose and acidic environments

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6
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis

A

Bacilli, obligate aerobe, AFB (mycolic acids, waxy coat, technically gram +), slow growing, infectious via respiratory route. Noninfectious in latent phase. Granuloma - immune system walling off infection, caesous necrosis. Ghon complex - lymph node +calcified granuloma. Early stage results in cough, bloody sputum, tissue necrosis. Cant tell between MTB and NTM through microscopy.

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7
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Gram negative, bacilli, obligate aerobe, oxidase positive, produces pyocyanin, does not ferment lactose or glucose, smells like corn chips, grows at 47 C.

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8
Q

Streptococcus species

A

Gram positive, microaerophilic, major cause of endocarditis (especially S. Mutans)

S. Pyogenes causes strep throat. Beta hemolytic (other strep.species are alpha or gamma). Inhibited by low concentration of bacitracin.

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9
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram positive
Normal part of oropharyngeal flora (1/3rd of population)
May cause food poising, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, cellulitis, abscesses

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10
Q

Influenza A

A

Enters via viropexis
May cause the flu (fever, chills, aches) or viral pneumonia
Live attenuated or inactivated vaccine
Spread through respiratory route
Incubation = 1-2 asymptomatic
Virus is shed 5-10 days after symptoms appear

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11
Q

Bordatella pertussis

A

Causes whooping cough
Gram -, obligate aerobe, coccobacillus
Can cause pharyngitis
Inactivated vaccine available

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12
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Gram -, obligate aerobe, pleomorphic, forms biofilm in water systems, grows on BYCE only (contains L cysteine, takes 3-7 days to grow). Can cause environmentally aquired atypical pneumonia.. can be necrotizing resulting in bloody mucousy sputum. Requires non B lactam antibiotics

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13
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A 
Opportunistic fungi
Yeast 
Obligate aerobe
Capsule
Causes lung diseases
Found in bird poop
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14
Q

Haemophilis influenzae

A

Pleomorphic, gram -, facultative anaerobe
May cause pneumonia, otitis, *epiglottitis.
Only grows on chocolate agar** (requires hemin and NAD)
Only competent to transformation with same genus
Killed by aminopenicillins

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15
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Enteric gram -, bacilli, capsule, facultative anaerobe, can cause acute atypical pneumonia, oxidase negative, lactose fermenter, glucose fermenter

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16
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Gram positive, obligate anaerobe, forms spores and biofilms, may cause pseudomembranous colitis with antibiotics, fecal transplants may overcome these infections

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17
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram positive, microaerophilic, capsule, catalase negative, sensitive to optochin, bile soluble (sodium desoxycholate), most common cause of acute typical pneumonia

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18
Q

SBA

A

Demonstrates hemolysis…
A - greenish halo
B - colorless halo
Gamma - no halo

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19
Q

Chocolate agar

A

Lysed SBA
Grows fastidious organisms
X and V factors
Grows haemophilis influenzae

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20
Q

CNA

A

Growth of G + while inhibiting growth of G -

It is SBA with acids added to it

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21
Q

Macconkey’s agar

A

Growth of G - while inhibiting G +, yeast, and G - cocci.
Pink = lactose fermenter
Yellowish = non lactose fermenter

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22
Q

TSB

A

Allows rapid growth of bacteria

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23
Q

Modified thayer martin agar

A

Contains vancomycin
Modified chocolate agar
Allows isolation of N gonorrhea

24
Q

Natural penicillins

Mechanism

A

Inhibits transpeptidase

Activates autolytic enzymes

Bactericidal

Penicillinase sensitive

25
Q

Natural penicillins

Clinical use

A

Commmon streptococci, pneumococci, enterococci, meningococci, treponema pallidum

26
Q

Natural penicillins

Toxicity

A

Hypersentivity reactions

Hemolytic anemia

27
Q

Aminopenicillins

Mechanism

A

Similar to natural penicillins except have an extended spectrum for gram negative species such as haemophilus

Often combined with clavulanic acid (Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid = augmentin)

28
Q

Aminopenicillins

Clinical use

A

G +, G - rods

Listeria monocytogenes
Enterococci

*prophylaxis for endocarditis

29
Q

Aminopenicillins

Toxicity

A

Ampicillin rash

Pseudomembranous colitis

30
Q

Which has better oral bioavailability, amoxicillin or ampicillin?

A

Amoxicillin

31
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

Mechanism.

A

Same as penicillin

Narrow spectrum

Penicillinase resistant

32
Q

Penicillinase resistant penicillins

Clinical use

A

Anti-staphylococcal penicillins

NOT MRSA!

33
Q

Penicillinase resistant penicillins

Toxicity

A

Headache

Metallic taste

34
Q

What drug should you use to treat non MRSA staph infections?

A

Nafcillin

35
Q

Anti-pseudomonas penicillins

Mechanism

A

Same as penicillins

Extended spectrum, (still penicillinase sensitive)

36
Q

Anti-pseudomonas penicillins

Clinical use

A

Pseudomonas and gram - rods

Synergy with aminoglycosides

37
Q

Anti-pseudonomal penicillins

Drugs

A

Ticarcillin

Carbenicillin

Piperacillin

38
Q

Cephalosporins

Mechanism

A

Bactericidal

Penicillinase resistant

39
Q

First generation cephalosporin clinical use

A

Proteus mirabilis
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumonia

40
Q

Second generation cephalosporins clinical use

A 
Haemophilus influenza 
Enterobacter aerogenes
Neisseria
Proteus mirabilis 
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumonia
Serratia marcescens
41
Q

Third generation cephalosporin clinical use

A

Gram positive and gram negative cocci and gram negative bacilli

Meningitis, anaerobes, and gonococci, and pseudomonas

42
Q

Fourth generation cephalosporin clinical use

A

Pseudomonas

43
Q

Fifth generation cephalosporin clinical use

A

Covers MRSA

44
Q

Carbapenems clinical use

A

Gram positive bacteria cocci
Gram - rods
Aneroebes

Drug of choice for enterobacteria

45
Q

What is the drug of choice for enterobacteria?

A

Carbapenems

46
Q

Toxicity of carbapenems

A

CNS toxicity***

Gi distress
Skin rash
Skeletal muscle toxicity

47
Q

Aztreonam is a ____ but binds to ____

A

Monobactam

PBP3

(Penicillinase resistant)

48
Q

Aztreonam clinical use

A

Works synergistically with aminoglycosides

Gram - aerobic rods

Serratia, pseudomonas, klebsiella

49
Q

Aztreonam clinical use

A

Pseudomonas colitis

Fever
Diarrhea
Cellulitis

50
Q

Vancomycin clinical use

A

Treats multi drug resistant gram + staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to treat clostridium dificile

51
Q

Vancomycin toxicity

A

Neprhotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Thrombophlebitis
Red man syndrome

52
Q

Daptomycin clinical use

A

Bactericidal

Treats MRSA

53
Q

Zosyn is a combination of ___ with ___

A

Tazobactam and piperacillin

54
Q

Unasyn is a combo of ___ with ___

A

Ampicillin and sulbactam

55
Q

True or false… second generation cephalosporins are active against pseudomonas

A

False

Host and Defense (17 decks)

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