External Structures

Question 1

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?

Answer 1

IX, X, XII, XI

Question 2

Disruptions of breathing and heart rate are indicative of what level of lesion?

Answer 2

Medulla

Question 3

What cranial nerves are associates with the pons?

Answer 3

V, VI, VII

Question 4

Facial paralysis or eye deviation are indicative of what level lesion?

Answer 4

Pons

Question 5

What cranial nerves are associated with the forebrain?

Answer 5

I, II

Question 6

Loss of smell or vision loss, changes in memory and mental function are indicative of what level lesion?

Answer 6

Forebrain

Question 7

How many laminar layers does the neocortex have?

Answer 7

6. They change in morphology depending on the structure’s function.

Question 8

Occipital lobe (V1, Area 17) functions?

Answer 8

Primary visual cortex (cuneate and lingual gyri)

Question 9

Unilateral lesion of a portion of the occipital lobe would present with…

Answer 9

Scotomas in the contralateral visual field

Question 10

The primary visual cortex is connected by?

Answer 10

Splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 11

Structures in the pareital lobe? (3)

Answer 11

1. post central gyrus
2. superior pareital lobule
3. inferior pareital lobule (angular and supramargainal gyri)

Question 12

Function of the post central gyrus?

Answer 12

Primary somatosensory cortex, S1, Area 1, 2, 3.

Question 13

Lesion of areas of the post central gyrus would cause what deficits?

Answer 13

Somatosensory loss on the contralateral side

Question 14

Function of the superior pareital lobule?

Answer 14

Helps in guiding movements

Question 15

Lesions of the superior pareital lobule would cause what deficits?

Answer 15

Apraxia (inability to perform a learned purposeful movement)

Question 16

Function of the angular gyrus?

Answer 16

Visual connection to language

Question 17

Inability to read is associated with lesion to what area?

Answer 17

Angular gyrus

Question 18

Function of the supramarginal gyrus?

Answer 18

Part of Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)

Question 19

Lesions to the right inferior pareital lobule would cause what deficits?

Answer 19

Left hemispatial neglect

Question 20

Structures in the temporal lobe? (7)

Answer 20

1. Heschel’s gyrus
2. superior temporal gyrus
3. middle temporal gyrus
4. inferior temporal gyrus
5. fusiform gyrus
6. parahippocampal gyrus
7. uncus

Question 21

Function of Heschel’s gyrus?

Answer 21

Primary sensory for audition (processed bilaterally). Projects audition of language to Wernicke’s area.

Question 22

Function of superior temporal gyrus?

Answer 22

Planum temporale is part of Wernicke’s area

Question 23

The middle temporal, inferior temporal, and fusiform gyri are associated with what function?

Answer 23

Visual memory and perception

Question 24

Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) is associated with a lesion in what area?

Answer 24

Bilatera temporal lobe lesion - middle, inferior temporal gyri, fusifrom gyrus.

Question 25

Function of the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus?

Answer 25

Memory

Question 26

Bilateral damage to the parahippocampal gyrus would cause what deficit?

Answer 26

Amnesia

Question 27

Structures in the frontal lobe? (4)

Answer 27

1. precentral gyrus 2. superior frontal gyrus 3. middle frontal gyrus 4. inferior frontal gyrus

Question 28

Function of the precentral gyrus?

Answer 28

Primary motor cortex. Area 4, M1.

Question 29

Lesions to the precentral gyrus would cause what deficits?

Answer 29

Paresis of contralateral structures

Question 30

Functions of the superior and middle frontal gyri?

Answer 30

Secondary or pre-motor areas for organization of voluntary movements. This includes the frontal eye fields.

Question 31

Damage to the superior and middle frontal gyri would cause what deficits?

Answer 31

Apraxia, inability to write (if in dominant hemisphere)

Question 32

Function of the inferior frontal gyrus?

Answer 32

Broca's area (speech programming)

Question 33

Damage to what structure causes the loss of ability to produce fluent speech?

Answer 33

Broca's area

Question 34

The prefrontal cortex is associated with what functions?

Answer 34

Personality, complex tasks, decision making

Question 35

Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by?

Answer 35

Inability to understand language and to speak coherently.

Question 36

Broca's aphasia is characterized by?

Answer 36

Preserved ability to understand language, inability to produce speech or writing.