External Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?

A

IX, X, XII, XI

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2
Q

Disruptions of breathing and heart rate are indicative of what level of lesion?

A

Medulla

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3
Q

What cranial nerves are associates with the pons?

A

V, VI, VII

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4
Q

Facial paralysis or eye deviation are indicative of what level lesion?

A

Pons

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5
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the forebrain?

A

I, II

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6
Q

Loss of smell or vision loss, changes in memory and mental function are indicative of what level lesion?

A

Forebrain

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7
Q

How many laminar layers does the neocortex have?

A
  1. They change in morphology depending on the structure’s function.
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8
Q

Occipital lobe (V1, Area 17) functions?

A

Primary visual cortex (cuneate and lingual gyri)

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9
Q

Unilateral lesion of a portion of the occipital lobe would present with…

A

Scotomas in the contralateral visual field

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10
Q

The primary visual cortex is connected by?

A

Splenium of the corpus callosum

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11
Q

Structures in the pareital lobe? (3)

A
  1. post central gyrus
  2. superior pareital lobule
  3. inferior pareital lobule (angular and supramargainal gyri)
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12
Q

Function of the post central gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex, S1, Area 1, 2, 3.

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13
Q

Lesion of areas of the post central gyrus would cause what deficits?

A

Somatosensory loss on the contralateral side

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14
Q

Function of the superior pareital lobule?

A

Helps in guiding movements

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15
Q

Lesions of the superior pareital lobule would cause what deficits?

A

Apraxia (inability to perform a learned purposeful movement)

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16
Q

Function of the angular gyrus?

A

Visual connection to language

17
Q

Inability to read is associated with lesion to what area?

A

Angular gyrus

18
Q

Function of the supramarginal gyrus?

A

Part of Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)

19
Q

Lesions to the right inferior pareital lobule would cause what deficits?

A

Left hemispatial neglect

20
Q

Structures in the temporal lobe? (7)

A
  1. Heschel’s gyrus
  2. superior temporal gyrus
  3. middle temporal gyrus
  4. inferior temporal gyrus
  5. fusiform gyrus
  6. parahippocampal gyrus
  7. uncus
21
Q

Function of Heschel’s gyrus?

A

Primary sensory for audition (processed bilaterally). Projects audition of language to Wernicke’s area.

22
Q

Function of superior temporal gyrus?

A

Planum temporale is part of Wernicke’s area

23
Q

The middle temporal, inferior temporal, and fusiform gyri are associated with what function?

A

Visual memory and perception

24
Q

Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) is associated with a lesion in what area?

A

Bilatera temporal lobe lesion - middle, inferior temporal gyri, fusifrom gyrus.

25
Q

Function of the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus?

A

Memory

26
Q

Bilateral damage to the parahippocampal gyrus would cause what deficit?

A

Amnesia

27
Q

Structures in the frontal lobe? (4)

A
  1. precentral gyrus
  2. superior frontal gyrus
  3. middle frontal gyrus
  4. inferior frontal gyrus
28
Q

Function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex. Area 4, M1.

29
Q

Lesions to the precentral gyrus would cause what deficits?

A

Paresis of contralateral structures

30
Q

Functions of the superior and middle frontal gyri?

A

Secondary or pre-motor areas for organization of voluntary movements. This includes the frontal eye fields.

31
Q

Damage to the superior and middle frontal gyri would cause what deficits?

A

Apraxia, inability to write (if in dominant hemisphere)

32
Q

Function of the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Broca’s area (speech programming)

33
Q

Damage to what structure causes the loss of ability to produce fluent speech?

A

Broca’s area

34
Q

The prefrontal cortex is associated with what functions?

A

Personality, complex tasks, decision making

35
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is characterized by?

A

Inability to understand language and to speak coherently.

36
Q

Broca’s aphasia is characterized by?

A

Preserved ability to understand language, inability to produce speech or writing.