External Reading Flashcards
Who researched glacier decline globally for the early 21st Century?
Zemp et al., 2015
What did Zemp et al., 2015 suggest with regards to glacier mass decline?
That there has been unprecedented mass loss and a strong imbalance, which combined with climate change scenarios suggests that there will be further loss beyond historical precedent
Which indicators of climate change are important for assessing the impacts of glaciers on global sea level? (With Citation)
Length, area, volume and mass
Zemp et al., 2015
Who researched surging glaciers in Svalbard?
Boyle et al., 2000
What did Boyle et al., 2000 find out with regards to surging glaciers in Svalbard?
They found that long glaciers with steep slopes and young fine-grained sediment bases are most likely to be surge-type glaciers as this supports the switch between fast and slow flow
Who studied glacier and ice sheet change using the GRACE satellites?
Pritchard et al., 2010
What did Pritchard et al., 2010 find out with regards to net mass loss globally by using GRACE satellites?
That there have been advances in net mass loss in Greenland and the Gulf of Alaska
Who found by using satellites the strong summer melt on the Antarctic Peninsula is equivalent to ~70m/annum?
Pritchard et al., 2010
Who studied iceberg calving and glacial earthquakes?
Bauge et al., 2015
Who found that ~50% of Greenland’s mass loss occurs through iceberg calving?
Bauge et al., 2015
What are glacial earthquakes? (With Citation)
Globally detective seismic events that with remote sensing can allow for interpretation of calving processes in Greenland and Antarctica (Bauge et al., 2015)
Who researched water flow through temperate glaciers?
Fountain and Walder, 1998
What did Fountain and Walder, 1998 find with regards to water movement in temperate glaciers?
In the accumulation zone the flux of water to the interior varies slowly as firn stores water. In the ablation zone water fluxes depend on surface melt and rainfall. Englacial conduits are also supplied by the accumulation zone making them steady state features
Who studied Alpine Subglacial Hydrology and what did they find?
Hubbard and Neinow, 1997
They found that the size and shape of the subglacial flow pathways have a strong influence on the pressure and speed of water that meltwater passes through glaciers, which in turn influences glacier sliding velocity and BMW discharge
Who found that most of our glacier knowledge is based on temperate glaciers and that understanding polythermal glaciers is important in a warming climate?
Irvine-Fynn, 2011
Who studied Ice Sheet Hydrology in Greenland and what did they find?
Chu, 2014
They found that understanding the hydrology of Greenland is important because of a warming climate and the future contributions to global SLR. Remote sensing also revealed that there are land and marine terminating glaciers that have conduits underneath them.
How has our knowledge of the drainage system in evolved?
In the 1990s we knew that it evolves from increased meltwater and that transitions can occur from distributed to channelised. We then found that when water reaches the bed of ice sheets, speed up occurs. More recently we have found that the drainage system in Greenland evolves like a valley glacier does
Who used dye tracing in d’Arolla Switzerland and found that channelised system can evolve, which increases efficiency?
Neinow et al., 1996
Who used GPS on the Greenland Ice Sheet and found that water can reach the bed causing a runaway feedback?
Zwally et al., 2002
What is the Zwally effect?
An acceleration of the flow of marginal ice sheets and the ice within it due to the lubrication of the bed by meltwater percolating from the surface
