external influences on children's behaviour: bandura et al & chaney et al

Question 1

bandura hypotheses?

Answer 1

tested four hypotheses:

exposure to an aggressive model will cause more imitative aggression acts than exposure to a non-aggressive model or no model

exposure to a non-aggressive model will inhibit aggressive behaviour

children will imitate models of the same-sex more than opposite sex

boys will show significantly more aggression than girls

Question 2

bandura sample?

Answer 2

72 children from stanford university nursery school

37-69 months with mean age of 52 months

Question 3

bandura method?

Answer 3

lab experiment w/ mpd

Question 4

bandura ivs?

Answer 4

gender of model

aggression of model

gender of child

Question 5

bandura dv?

Answer 5

amount and nature of aggression later

Question 6

bandura conditions?

Answer 6

aggressive male model

aggressive female model

non-aggressive female model

non-aggressive male model

no model (control)

Question 7

bandura matching ps?

Answer 7

matched on pre-existing aggression, by teacher and experimenter

four 5 point systems: physical aggression, verbal aggression, restraint when angry and aggression towards objects

Question 8

bandura procedure stages?

Answer 8

modelling

aggression arousal

delayed imitation

Question 9

bandura phase one?

Answer 9

modelling

child taken to first room, where they sit at a table with stickers and potato prints

on other side, there is a model, with tinker toy, bobo doll and mallet

non-aggressive model ignored bobo and just played with tinker toy, aggressive model

Question 10

bandura aggressive acts?

Answer 10

4 scripted acts, each repeated three times

lay on bobo, hit nose

throw doll in the air

hit doll on head with mallet

kick doll around the room

Question 11

bandura aggressive phrases?

Answer 11

pow

throw him in the air

kick him

sock him on the nose

hit him down

Question 12

bandura non-aggressive phrases?

Answer 12

he keeps coming back for more

he sure is a tough fella

Question 13

bandura phase two?

Answer 13

after 10 mins, p is leads to the anteroom, which is filled with very attractive toys

after 2 mins, told these special toys were reserved for other children

then lead to room three

Question 14

bandura phase 3?

Answer 14

test for delayed imitation

toys (including toy gun, bobo doll, mallet, colouring pencils, zoo animals, dolls, tea set, toy cars, suspended ball)

child observed for 20 mins through a one-way mirror by two observers (unaware of condition)

behaviours noted every 5 seconds (240 observations total)

arrive at aggression score using checklist

Question 15

bandura checklist details?

Answer 15

directly imitative responses: physical and verbal acts

partially imitative responses: hitting other things with the mallet, just sitting on bobo etc

non-imitative responses: slapping bobo, aggression to other objects, novel verbal hostility, aggressive gun play

Question 16

bandura results?

Answer 16

exposure to an aggressive model did cause more imitative aggressive acts than a non-aggressive model

exposure to a non-aggressive model did not generally inhibit aggressive behaviour, but a male non-aggressive model did

boys showed more aggression when showed a male model, girls showed more physical aggression with a male model but more verbal aggression with a female model

boys showed more physical aggression than girls with a male model but girls showed more verbal aggression than boys with a female model

Question 17

bandura general conclusions?

Answer 17

children produce behaviours they have observed and generalise them to new situations

supports social learning theory, behaviour can be learned through observation

reinforcement of child or model is needed for learning

Question 18

bandura gender of model conclusions?

Answer 18

aggression of female model confused children, while aggression of male model was something to be desired

children imitate behaviour they see as culturally acceptable for them

verbal aggression is less gendered, so an available outlet of girls

Question 19

bandura research method evaluation?

Answer 19

lab expt, good control over extraneous variables

but low ecological validity (adults beating up inflatable clown)

Question 20

bandura data collected evaluation?

Answer 20

data is quantitative (allows comparison) and qualitative (provides insight into why certain behaviours are imitated)

aggression scores and comments made

Question 21

bandura ethicality evaluation?

Answer 21

informed consent not given by parents, but my nursery staff (loco parentis), also assent of children not given

children couldn’t withdraw, and were persuaded to continue after being but in a purposefully provoking situation

children could’ve been made permanently more aggressive

Question 22

bandura validity evaluation?

Answer 22

lacks ecological validity due to unusual scenario

bobo doll is designed to be attacked, so more acceptable

only considers short term effects

Question 23

bandura sampling bias?

Answer 23

while 72 sounds big, the various conditions mean that only 6 are in each experimental group

results could be influenced by unmatched participant variables

generalisability issues due to all ps being from same nursery

Question 24

bandura link to theme?

Answer 24

demonstrates how external influences (such as siblings, parents, celebrity role models) could have a negative impact on a child’s behaviour if they act in an aggressive way

the study proves that socialisation and social learning is an external influence that affects children’s behaviour

Question 25

bandura link to area?

Answer 25

assumption: behavioural development is the result of an interaction between nature and nurture

bandura shows the interaction between nurture and a child’s behaviour, social learning lead children who observed an aggressive model to acting aggressively

Question 26

chaney method?

Answer 26

field expt with rmd

Question 27

chaney dv?

Answer 27

level of adherence, measured by questionnaires and random phone call interviews

Question 28

chaney sample?

Answer 28

32 children from clinics across perth, australia

random sample of those prescribed pMDI and spacer

1.5-6 yrs, mean 3.2

asthma for mean of 2.2 years

Question 29

chaney procedure?

Answer 29

parents (w/ informed consent) completed a questionnaire

questioned about current asthma device in use (either AeroChamber or Breath-a-tech), asked about ease of use, adherence and attitudes towards treatment

then given funhaler to use with child, which had a whistle and spinning disc that were activated when it was used correctly, using operant conditioning to self-reinforce the behaviour

over the period, random phone calls were made to see if treatment was successful the day before and after two weeks, there was another questionnaire

Question 30

chaney results?

Answer 30

random calls found that 22/27 had been successful the day before, compared to 16/27 when using the funhaler

22/30 reported they were ‘always’ successful using the funhaler, compared to 3/30 for the regular spacer

60% more children took their recommended 4 or more cycles per ‘puff’ with the standard spacer compared to the standard spacer

Question 31

chaney conclusions?

Answer 31

positive reinforcement from funhaler increased compliance and effectiveness of medication for young asthmatics

functional incentive devices like the funhaler could improve the general health of children

more research needed to go into long term effects

Question 32

chaney method evaluation?

Answer 32

field experiment so low control of extraneous variables, all ps experience different things

however, standardised questionnaires and instructions

Question 33

chaney method evaluation?

Answer 33

field experiment so low control of extraneous variables, all ps experience different things

however, standardised questionnaires and instructions

Question 34

chaney data collected evaluation?

Answer 34

quantitative, closed questions provided easily comparable data

no qualitative data, lack of understanding of why funhaler had better compliance

Question 35

chaney ethicality evaluation?

Answer 35

informed consent from parents with no deceit

no harm, psychological or physiological

right to withdraw

full debrief

Question 36

chaney validity evaluation?

Answer 36

ecological validity high due to field nature

funhaler could just be novel and exciting, meaning the effects would wear off

also, use of self-report means that demand characteristics are an issue

Question 37

chaney sampling bias evaluation?

Answer 37

random sampling eliminates experimenter bias

range of cultural and socio-economic backgrounds, but representation not guaranteed

Question 38

chaney link to theme?

Answer 38

links to theme of external influences on children’s behaviour as it uses operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) to improve children’s adherence to medical guidance

Question 39

chaney link to area?

Answer 39

assumption: behavioural development is the result of an interaction between nature and nurture

showed how operant conditioning could be used to successfully changing a child’s behaviour, showing the importance or nurture

Question 40

bandura and chaney similarities?

Answer 40

both use behaviourist theories as the basis of their experiments, bandura using slt and chaney using operant conditioning

both use children as their ps, bandura 37-69 months and chaney 1.5-6 years

Question 41

bandura and chaney differences?

Answer 41

bandura is a lab expt and chaney is a field expt

bandura uses observation and chaney uses self-report

Question 42

chaney changing understanding of external influences on children’s behaviour?

Answer 42

provides a practical means to positively change a child’s behaviour