External Factors - CLASS AND ACHIEVEMENT

Question 1

What is Material Deprivation?

Answer 1

Poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing or income

Question 2

Who talked about the ‘ costs of free school ‘ and what did he say about it?

Answer 2

Bull - lack of financial support = lack of equipment, can be stigmatised and isolation, and missing out on experiences that enhance education achievement.
W/C struggle financially meaning perform worse than financially able M/C

Question 3

What did Smith and Noble say about poverty and W/C performance?

Answer 3

Poverty acts as a barrier… inability to afford private schooling or tuition like the M/C can and go to poorer quality local schools so, W/C due to being financially unable to do this perform worse

Question 4

What is poor housing got to do with educational achievement

Answer 4

• Poor housing - overcrowding - harder to study - disturbed sleep from sharing beds / rooms
• Impacts health - crowded homes run greater risk of accidents, cold = ill health = absence from schools psychological distress, all affecting performance

Question 5

What is an Evaluation Point for Material Deprivation?

Answer 5

MD theory is deterministic - some students from poor backgrounds do achieve well , poor Chinese do almost as well as rich Chinese

Question 6

What did Beritier and Engelmann say about language?

Lowerclass

Answer 6

• LANGUAGE used in LOWER CLASS HOMES is DEFICIENT
• Described lower class families as communities by gestures , single words or disjointed phrases.
• As a RESULT, CHILDREN FAIL to DEVELOP NECESSARY LANGUAGE SKILLS
• They grow INCAPABLE of ABSTRACT THINKING or use language to explain, describe
• Because of this they’re unable to take advantage of the opportunities offered by school

Question 7

What were the 2 speech codes that Bernstein identified differences between W/C and M/C language that influences achievement?

Answer 7

Restricted code

Elaborated code

Question 8

What are 3 features of the Restricted code?

Answer 8

Used by both W/C and M/C
Grammatically Simple
Short

Question 9

What are 2 features of the elaborated code?

Answer 9

Only M/C
Verbalises meanings
Provides explanation

Question 10

What are the effects of the speech codes on school

Answer 10

Differences in speech code give advantage at school to M/C and put W/C at disadvantage as the elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks and exams and also seen as ‘ correct way to speak
W/C likely to feel excluded and be less successful

Question 11

What is an Evaluation Point on Language, cultural deprivation

Answer 11

Keddie - W/C failure is due to educational system dominated by M/C values
E.g. W/C fail as school fails to teach them how to use elaborated code

Question 12

What did Douglas say about parents education?

Answer 12

W/C parents place less value on education, less ambition, less encouragement, less interest

Question 13

What is the parenting style of the w/c

Answer 13

Marked by harsh and inconsistent discipline that emphasises ‘ doing as your told ‘ and behaving yourself ‘

Question 14

What does the parenting style of the w/c prevent

Answer 14

Prevents the child from learning independence and self control, leading to poorer motivation and problems interacting with teachers

Question 15

What is the parenting style of the m/c?

Answer 15

Emphasises consistent discipline and high expectations of their children and supports achievement by encouraging active learning and exploration